MEXICO  AT  THE 


PAN-AMERICAN  EXPOSITION 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


Q 


ALOGUE 


Official  Catalogue 
Mexican  Exhibits 

at  the 

Pan-American  Exposition 


Pies'dent  of  >.he  United  States  of  Vexico 


OFFICIAL  CATALOGUE 


Mexican  Exhibits 


PAN-AMERICAN  EXPOSITION 


BUFFALO,  N.  Y.,  U.S.A. 


MAY    FIRST   TO    NOVEMBER   FIRST 


1901 


The  Whlte-Evins-Penfold  Company.  Printers,  in  Buffalc 


^  *g~ 


Secretary  of  the  Department  of  Public  Promotion ,  under  the  direction 
of  whose  Department  Mexico's  Exhibit  at  Buffalo  is  made 


^ 
National   Commission 

from  the  United  States  of  Mexico  to  the 
Pan-American  Exposition 

ALBINO  R.  NUNCIO, 

Mechanical  Engineer,  Chief  of  the  Commission. 

MAXIMILIANO  M.  CHABERT, 

Secretary  of  the  Commission,  and   Chief  of  Divisions 
XIV,  XV,  and  XVIII. 

LAURO  VIADAS, 

Agronomical  Engineer,  Chief  Divisions  I,  III,  and  IV. 

JESUS  M.  NUNCIO, 

Chief  of  Pomology  and  Viticulture,  Division  V. 

ALBERTO  McDowELL, 

Chief  of  Floriculture,  Division  V. 

ENRIQUE  H.  GARIBAY, 

Chief  of  Division  VI. 

to 

JUAN  DE  D.  FLEURY, 

Mining  Engineer,  Chief  of  Divisions  VIII  and  X. 

CARLOS  SELLERIER, 

Mining  Engineer,  Chief  of  Divisions  XI  and  XIII. 

ENRIQUE  MONDRAGON, 

Lieutenant  Colonel  of  Engineers'  Corps  of  the  Mexican 
Army,  Honorary  Chief  of  Division  XII. 

ROSENDO  SANDOVAL, 

Assayor,  Chief  of  Division  XVI. 

ANTONIO  M.  MAYA, 

Second  Chief  of  Division  XVI. 


X51SOO 


1.  Albino  R.  Nuncio. 

2.  Maximiliano  M.  Chabert. 

3.  Juan  de  D.  Fleury. 

4.  Carlos  Sellerier. 

5.  Rosendo  Sandoval. 

6.  Enrique  H.  Garibay. 

7.  Alberto  McDowell. 

8.  Jesus  M.  Nuncio. 

9.  Lauro  Viadas. 

10.  Antonio  M.  Maya. 


The  numbers  refer  to  the  illustration  opposite. 


Illustrations 


Porfirio  Dfaz Frontispiece 

Opposite  page 

Leandro  Fernandez iv 

The  Mexican  Commission        .         .         .        .        .  vi 

Plan  of  the  Pan-American  Exposition       .         .        .  viii 

The  Mexican  Government  Building         .                 .  x 

General  View  Exterior  of  Agriculture  Exhibit  .         .  2 

Interior  View  of  Agriculture  Exhibit        .         .   ,     .  8 

Interior  View  of  Agriculture  Exhibit        ...  24 

Floriculture  Exhibit         ......  42 

Cactus  Exhibit 44 

Wines  and  Horticulture  Exhibit       ....  46 

Forestry  Exhibit 52 

Mines  and  Liberal  Arts  Exhibit       .         .        .        .  60 

Front  View  of  Manufactures  Exhibit        ...  90 

General  View  of  Manufactures  Exhibit                      ,  92 

Interior  View  of  Manufactures  Exhibit    ...  94 

Interior  View  of  Manufactures  Exhibit    ...  98 

Interior  View  of  Manufactures  Exhibit    .         .         .  112 

Mines  and  Liberal  Arts  Exhibit       ,         .         .         .  no 

Liberal  Arts  Exhibit 116 

General  View  of  Ethnology  Exhibit          .         .         .  128 

Fine  Arts  Exhibit   .......  138 

Sub-divisional   Chart  of  the  Geographical  and  Ex- 
ploring Commission  of  Mexico      .         .         .  148 


vii 


PLAN  OF   THE 

PAN  AMERICAN  EXPOSITION 


Catalogue 


The  Mexican  Government  Building 


Mexico  at  the  Pan-American  Exposition 


DIVISION  I 

Agricultural  and  Dairy 
Products 


DIVISION  III 

Live    Stock 


DIVISION  IV 

Foods  and  their  Accessories 


General  View  Exterior  of  Agriculture  Exhibit 


Agriculture  Building 
Mexico  at  the  Pan-American  Exposition 


AGRICULTURE 


HE  exhibit  made  by  the  Republic  of 
Mexico  of  her  agricultural  products 
is  undoubtedly  the  best  proof  of  the 
progress  she  has  made  within  the 
last  years,  under  the  protection  of  Gen.  Porfirio 
Diaz's  wise  administration. 

The  marvelous  fertility  of  her  soil  is  known 
and  proved  throughout  the  world,  with  regard  to 
which  we  would  be  justified  in  saying  that  there 
is  not  a  product  grown  which  cannot  be  raised 
there  with  liberal  profit  to  the  cultivator.  One 
of  the  problems  that  Mexico  ought  to  have 
solved  before  this  for  the  promotion  of  agricul- 
ture (a  problem  which  emanates  on  the  other 
hand  from  those  topographical  conditions  that 
give  her  the  diversity  of  climates,  and  its  pecul- 
iarly advantageous  conditions  for  the  vegetable 
life  of  so  many  varied  species)  is  that  of  irriga- 
tion, which  Mexico  is  now  solving  in  an  excellent 
manner,  by  means  of  free  grants  of  water  privi- 
leges, under  federal  jurisdiction,  and  laws  that 
protect,  stimulate,  and  promote  the  investment 
of  capital  in  the  utilization  of  waters.  To  give 
an  idea  of  the  results  obtained,  it  suffices  to  point 
out  a  single  example :  in  the  State  of  Puebla, 
an  American  farmer  invested  on  his  own  account 
more  than  one  million  dollars  in  the  necessary 
works  for  the  utilization  of  the  waters  of  the 
Atoyac  River  as  a  motive  power  and  especially 
for  irrigation  purposes.  It  can  be  affirmed  with- 


out  doubt,  that  before  very  long,  and  as  a  natural 
consequence  of  the  works  of  this  kind  that  are 
initiated  every  day,  Mexico  will  have  more  than 
double  her  production,  commensurate  with  the 
place  she  justly  deserves  among-  the  chief  agri- 
cultural countries  of  the  world. 

It  would  be  superfluous  to  discuss  this 
subject  further,  as  the  vast  collection  of  samples 
of  the  agricultural  products  of  Mexico  are  ex- 
hibited in  the  Agricultural  Building. 

Hence,  the  great  collection  of  cereals  exhib- 
ited by  the  Secretaria  de  Fomento  (Department 
of  Public  Promotion)  of  Mexico,  is  indeed  very 
notable,  as  it  shows  the  different  kinds  that 
are  cultivated  in  the  various  states  of  the 
Republic,  many  of  which  are  articles  of  ex- 
port, such  as  rice,  beans,  wheat,  etc.  The 
Mexican  Agricultural  Society,  organized  by 
prominent  farmers  and  agriculturists,  and 
founded  with  a  view  to  promote  anything  bearing 
on  the  progress  of  agriculture,  also  makes  an 
exhibit  that  reveals  the  agricultural  resources 
of  the  country. 

The  exhibit  contains  samples  of  excellent 
tobacco  produced  in  Mexico,  large  quantities  of 
which  have  been  shipped  to  Cuba  where  it  was 
manufactured  and  re-shipped  to  European  or 
North  American  markets  with  the  pseudonym 
of  "  Havana  cigars."  Mexican  tobacco  is  be- 
coming very  popular  and  is  being  very  highly 
commended.  It  can  be  said  that  the  production 
at  present  is  insufficient  to  cover  the  ever  grow- 
ing demand  for  such  an  important  product. 


The  varied  collection  of  fibers,  especially 
vegetable  fibre,  justly  attracts  the  attention  of 
visitors.  Many  of  these  have  been  known  in 
this  country  for  many  years,  such  as  jute,  which 
has  enriched  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan,  making 
it  a  producing  center  to  such  an  extent  that, 
thanks  to  her,  the  cordage  industry  did  not  suffer 
all  the  mishaps  that  were  expected  on  account 
of  the  scarcity  of  the  much  valued  Manila  fiber 
during  the  Philippine  war. 

If  we  are  to  examine  now  the  various  products 
that  make  up  the  important  division  of  foods, 
we  will  see  figuring  prominently  an  extensive 
collection  of  coffee;  there  are  samples  on  ex- 
hibition coming  from  each  one  of  the  states 
producers  of  that  rich  grain,  and  it  is  a  fact  well 
known  that  since  the  Brazilian  crisis  stimulated 
the  production,  Mexico  has  notably  enhanced 
her  coffee  plantations,  and  this  is  now  one  of  the 
most  important  articles  of  export.  In  competi- 
tion with  all  the  other  coffee  producing  countries, 
Mexico  has  obtained  the  highest  awards  for  her 
coffee  in  all  the  expositions  that  have  been  held 
up  to  the  present  time. 

Cocoa  is  a  product  which  also  promises  a 
great  future  in  Mexico,  and  is  exhibited  by  a 
varied  collection  together  with  chocolate  manu- 
factured by  two  of  the  most  important  factories 
in  Mexico. 

Notwithstanding  the  great^  competition  that 
sugar  cane  has  been  subjected  to  on  account  of 
the  increase  in  the  production  of  sugar  beets,  it 
still  holds  its  place  vigorously,  and  is  the  founda- 


tion  of  inexhaustable  richness  throughout  the 
vast  territories  of  the  States  of  Morelos,  Vera- 
cruz, Puebla,  Jalisco,  and  many  others.  As  a 
complementary  to  the  sugar  industry  we  might 
mention  the  production  of  alcohol,  although  only 
when  employed  in  certain  industries  it  pertains 
to  this  division. 

The  exquisite  and  varied  collection  of 
liquors  is  also  worthy  of  special  attention,  because 
the  fruits  from  which  they  are  prepared  in 
factories  of  the  best  established  reputation,  are 
equally  abundant.  National  beverages  on  exhi- 
bition, such  as  "pulque,"  which  is  the  favorite 
drink  of  the  people,  should  not  be  passed  un- 
noticed. This  "  pulque  "  is  exhibited  through 
a  special  process  of  preservation.  Beer,  whose 
consumption  is  increasing  daily,  receives  such 
impulse  in  Mexico  that  it  can  be  stated  that 
there  is  not  a  state  in  the  Republic  without  a 
brewery,  some  of  them  with  more  than  $1,000,000 
invested. 

The  above  information  is  at  least  a  brief 
outline  of  the  agricultural  resources  of  Mexico, 
and  reveals,  as  we  have  already  said,  the  great 
evolution  that  has  taken  place  throughout  the 
country  within  the  last  few  years  by  the  impulse 
of  the  vigorous  administration  of  one  of  the 
greatest  statisticians  of  the  present  time. 

A  careful  inspection  of  the  products  exhib- 
ited by  Mexico  in  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, will  fully  demonstrate  the  vast  field  of 
action  she  has  for  enterprising  men. 


DIVISION  I 

Agricultural  and  Dairy 
Products 


Division  I 
Agricultural  and  Dairy  Products 

(  Chief,  Engineer  Lauro  Viadas  ) 
GROUP  I 

Farm  Crops 

1.  Aguirre,  Domingo  G.,  La  Fortuna,  Tepic.  Class  2 

Rice. 

2.  Albaitero  y  Cia,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 

Wheat. 

3.  Carpio,  Doroteo,  Matamoros,  Puebla. 

Rice. 

4.  Couttolene,  Octaviano,  Aljojuca,  Puebla. 

Cereals. 

5.  Drusina,  Manuel  D.,  Tlaxco,  Tlaxcala. 

Cereals. 

6.  Echave,  Manuel,  Texmelucan,  Puebla. 

Cereals. 

7.  Escanddn,  A.,  "  La  Condesa  "  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 

Corn  and  Barley. 

8.  Escudero,  Pedro,  Acolman,  Mexico. 

Cereals. 

9.  Flores,  Gabriel,  Saltillo,  Coahuila. 

Corn. 

10.  Garcfa,  Fdlix,  Lernia,  Mexico. 

Cereals, 

11.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Aguascalientes,  Aguascalientes. 

Cereals. 

12.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Chiapas,  Tuxtla  Gutierrez. 

Cereals. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
9 


13.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Chihuahua,  Chihuahua. 

Cereals. 

14.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango. 

Cereals. 

15.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Guanajuato,  Guanajuato. 

Cereals. 

1 6.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Guerrero,  Chilpancingo. 

Cereals. 

17.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Hidalgo,  Pachuca. 

Cereals. 

1 8.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Mexico,  Toluca. 

Cereals. 

19.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Morelos,  Cuernavaca. 

Beans. 

20.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Oaxaca,  Oaxaca, 

Corn  and  beans. 

21.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Puebla,  Puebla. 

Cereals. 

22.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Quere'taro,  Quere'taro. 

Cereals. 

23.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Sonora,  Hermosillo. 

Cereals. 

24.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Tabasco,  San  Juan  Bautista. 

Cereals. 

25.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Tlaxcala,  Tlaxcala. 

Cereals. 

26.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Zacatecas,  Zacatecas. 

Cereals. 

27.  Gonzalez  de  Cosio  Jose,  Quere'taro. 

Beans. 

28.  Gonzalez  de  Salceda,  F.  y  E.,  Lerma,  Mexico. 

Cereals. 

29.  Gonzalez,  Vicente,  Tepetlaoxtoc,  Me'xico. 

Cereals. 

30.  Gorozpe,  Pedro,  Col<5n,  Quere'taro. 

Cereals. 

31.  Guerrero,  Ignacio,  Chietla,  Puebla. 

Rice. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
10 


32.  Jefatura  Politica  del  Distrito  de  Cuautitlan,  Mexico. 

Cereals. 

33.  Jefatura  Politica  del  Destrito  de  Texcoco,  Mexico. 

Cereals. 

34.  Jime'nez,  Simdn,  Yautepec,  Morelos. 

Rice. 

35.  Leyva,  Gregorio,  Jojutla,  Morelos. 

Rice. 

36.  Lorenz,  A.,  Puebla. 

Wheat. 

37.  Mar,  Ramdn,  Jalpan,  Queretaro. 

Cereals. 

38.  Martfnez  y  Abiega,  Cuautitlan,  Mexico. 

Cereals. 

39.  Matienzo,  Andre's,  Puebla. 

Wheat  and  Beans. 

40.  Mier,  Sebastian  B.  de,  Puebla. 

Cereals. 

41.  Montero,  Lucio,  Cuautla,  Morelos. 

Rice. 

42.  Morales,  Lauro,  Ures,  Sonora. 

Cereals. 

43.  Nieto,  Tirso  Julian,  Ixtlahuaca,  Me'xico. 

Cereals. 

44.  Ochoa,  Tiburcio,  Colima. 

Rice. 

45.  Ortiz,  Borbolla,  Jacobo,  Nopalucan,  Puebla. 

Cereals. 

46.  Ortiz  y  Yauz,  Manuel,  Acolman,  Me'xico. 

Cereals. 

47.  Obando,  Jose"  M.,  Chiautzingo,  Puebla. 

Cereals. 

48.  Pe'rez,  Justo,  Tepetlaoxtoc,  Me'xico. 

Cereals. 

49.  Ramfrez,  Ramon,  Apatzingan,  Michoacan. 

Rice. 

50.  Reyes  y  Ramfrez,  Pedro,  Tepeaca,  Puebla. 

Cereals. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
II 


5 1.  Rico,  Rafael  G.,  Chimalhuacan,  Mexico. 

Cereals. 

52.  Rios,  Dionisio,  Valle  de  Bravo,  Mexico. 

Cereals. 

53.  Rincon  Gallardo,  Francisco,  San  Juan  del  Rio,  Qi«« 

retaro. 
Cereals. 

54.  Rivera,  Jose*  Maria,  Laborcilla,  Quere'taro. 

Cereals. 

55.  Sanchez,  Miguel,  Nopal ucan,  Puebla. 

Cereals. 

56.  Santa  Cruz,  Francisco,  Colima. 

Rice. 

57.  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Cereals. 

58.  Silva  y  Hermanos,  Manuel,  Guanajuato. 

Cereals. 

59.  Sociedad  Agrfcola  Mexicana,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Cereals. 

60.  Solorzano  Sanz,  J.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Cereals. 

61.  Torres,  Lorenzo,  Guaymas,  Sonora. 

Cereals. 

62.  Trueba  Hermanos,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Cereals. 

63.  Valencia,  Urbano,  Tezoyuca,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Cereals. 

64.  Valle,  F.  del,  Tepic. 

Rice. 

Class  3        65.     Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Morelos,  Cuernavaca. 
Sweet  potatoes. 

Class  5        66.     Balsa  y  Hermano,  Veracruz. 
Leaf  tobacco. 

67.  Barron  Forbes  y  Cia,  Santiago  Ixcuintla,  Tepic. 

Leaf  tobacco. 

68.  Delius  y  Cia,  Ixtapa  Concepcion,  Tepic. 

Leaf  tobacco. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
12 


69.  Escanddn,  A.,  "  La  Condesa,"  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 

Squash  seed. 

70.  Fabrica,  "La  Virgen,"  Tajimaroa,  Michoacan. 

Beneseed. 

71.  Fletes,  Testamentarfa  de  Amado,  Tepic. 

Leaf  tobacco. 

72.  Fregoso,  J.  M.  de.,  Ameca,  Jalisco, 

Sugar  cane. 

73.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango. 

Oily  seeds. 

74.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Guanajuato,  Guanajuato. 

Oily  seeds. 

75.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Mexico,  Toluca. 

Beneseed. 

76.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Morelos,  Cuernavaca. 

Peanuts,  melon  and  squash  seeds. 

77.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Oaxaca,  Oaxaca. 

Leaf  tobacco. 

78.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Quere"taro,  Quere'taro. 

Oily  seeds. 

79.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Sonora,  Hermosillo. 

Linseed. 

80.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Tabasco,  San  Juan  Bautista. 

Leaf  tobacco   and    achiote  (bixia  orellana)   butter 
color. 

81.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Tlaxcala,  Tlaxcala. 

Squash  seed. 

82.  Lanzagorta  Hermanos,  San  Bias,  Tepic. 

Leaf  tobacco. 

83.  Menchaca,  Agustfn,  Tuxpan,  Tepic. 

Oil  cocoanut. 

84.  Perez,  Reguera,  Luis,  Oaxaca. 

Leaf  tobacco. 

85.  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Seeds  of  several  kinds. 

86.  Sociedad  Agrfcola  Mexicana,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Oily  seeds. 

87.  Solano,  Dolores,  Tlapanala,  Puebla. 

Peanuts. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
13 


GROUP  II. 

Fibers  and  Fertilizers 

Class  6        88.     Agapito,  Jesus,  San  Juan  Bautista,  Tabasco. 
Ixtle  (fiber). 

89.  Aguirre,  Claudio,  Tutotepec,  Oaxaca. 

Cotton. 

90.  Barroeta,  Gregorio,  San  Luis  Potosi. 

Rug  (made  of  "  Palma  China  "  fiber). 

91.  Carrillo,  H.,  Colima. 

Fibra  tronadora  (fiber). 

92.  Compania  Industrial  de  Artefactos,  Merida,  Yucatan. 

Sisal  hemp. 

93.  Cuevas,  Hilario,  Toliman,  Jalisco. 

Camolillo  (fiber). 

94.  Espinoza  Cuevas,    Hermanos,  Angostura,    San    Luis 
Potosi. 

Cotton. 

95.  Espinoza,  Primo  F.,  Armadillo,  San  Luis  Potosi. 

Ixtle  (fiber). 

96.  Fentanes,  E.,  Cosamaloapan,  Veracruz. 

Majahua  y  Carddn  (fibers). 

97.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Chiapas,  Tuxtla  Gutierrez. 

Ixtle  (fiber). 

98.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango. 

Lechuguilla  (fiber). 

99.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Oaxaca,  Oaxaca. 

Collection  of  fibers. 

100.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  San  Luis  Potosf,  San  Luis 
Potosi. 

Lechuguilla  (fiber). 

1 01.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Tabasco,  San  Juan  Bautista. 

Collection  of  fibers. 

102.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Yucatan,  Me'rida. 

Sisal  hemp. 

103.  Ibanez,  Julio,  Los  Cuartos,  Tepic. 

Lechuguilla  (fiber). 


For  explanation  of  classificatic 
14 


104-     Jefatura  Polftica  de  Amealco,  Quere'taro. 
Ixtle  (fiber). 

105.  Melgar,  Jose*  Marfa,  Manzanillo,  Colima. 

Textile  plants. 

1 06.  Menchaca,  Jose*  Marfa,  Ixcuintla,  Tepic. 

Cotton. 

107.  Munoz,  Adalberto,  Galeana,  Nuevo  Leon. 

Fiber. 

1 08.  Nieto,  Tirso  Julian,  Ixtlahuaca,  Me'xico. 

Ixtle  (fiber). 

109.  Peiro  Hermanos,  Mocorito,  Sinaloa. 

Ixtle  (fiber). 

no.     Purcell,  Guillermo,  San  Pedro,  Coahuila. 
Cotton. 

in.     Retes  Hermanos,  Mocorito,  Sinaloa. 
Ixtle  (fiber). 

112.  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Collection  of  fibers. 

1 1 3.  Sociedad  Agrfcola  Mexicana,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Cotton. 

114.  Subprefectura    de    los    Municipios   de    San    Jose*    y 
Santiago,  Baja  California. 

Cotton. 

115.  Urviola,  Ignacio,  Landa,  Quere'taro. 

Sisal  hemp. 

1 1 6.  Valde*s,  Abundio,  Aguascalientes,  Sinaloa. 

Ixtle  (fiber). 

117.  Vega,  Manuel  de  la,  Vizarron,  Queretaro. 

Ixtle  (fiber). 

1 1 8.  Zorrilla,  Bernardo,  Jaumave,  Tamaulipas. 

Ixtle  and  sisal  hemp. 

119.  Zorrilla,  Federico  Jose*,  Costa  Chica,  Oaxaca. 

Cotton. 

120.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Jalisco,  Guadalajara.  Class  7 

Raw  silk  and  cocoons. 

121.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Zacatecas. 

Wool. 

For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 


122.     Sociedad  Agricola  Mexicana,  Mexico,  D.  F. 
Wool. 

Class  8      123.     Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango. 
Wax. 

124.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Guanajuato,  Guanajuato. 

Wax. 

125.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Zacatecas,  Zacatecas. 

Wax. 

126.  Monroy,  Everardo,  Jala,  Tepic. 

Wax. 

127.  Santa  Cruz,  Francisco,  Colima. 

Wax. 

128.  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Wax. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
1C 


GROUP  IV. 

Literature  and  Statistics 

129.  Bankhardt,  D.,  Mexico,  D.  F.  Class  12 

"  El    Hacendado  Mexicano,"  (an    agricultural    re- 
view). 

130.  Covarrubias,  Gregorio,  Pe'njamo,  Guanajuato. 

Study  about  the  sugar  cane. 

131.  Escobar  Hermanos,  Ciudad  Juarez,  Chihuahua. 

"  El    Agricultor   Mexicano,"   (an    agricultural   re- 
view) and  "  Elemental  Treatise  on  Agriculture." 

132.  Jaspeado,  Ruperto,  Texcoco,  Mexico. 

Study  about  the  wheat. 

133.  Portillo,  A.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

"  La  Revista  Agrfcola  "  (an  agricultural  review). 

134.  Secretarfa  cle  Fomento,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Laws  on  public  waters. 

135.  Sociedad  Agrfcola  Mexicana,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

"  Boletfn  de  la  Sociedad  Agrfcola  Mexicana  "  (an 
agricultural  review). 

136.  Cuesta  4  Hijos,  Manuel  M.,  Atequiza,  Jalisco.  Class  13 

Album  of  photographs  of  their  farm. 

137.  Junta  Local  de  Puebla  para  la  Exposicidn  de  Paris  de 
1900,  Puebla. 

Album  of  photographs  and  agricultural  statistics. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
17 


DIVISION  III 

Live    Slock 


Division  III 

Live  Stock 

(Chief,  Engineer  Lauro  Viadas) 
GROUP  X 

Domestic  Animals 

Martfnez  del  Cerro,  J.,  Tacubaya,  D.  F.  Class  33 

Photographs  of  cattle. 


GROUP  XIII. 

Literature  and  Statistics 

2.     Gonzalez  Davalos,  Luis,  Mexico,  D.  F.  Class  42 

"  El  Ganadero  Mexicano  "  (Treatise  on  live  stock). 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
21 


DIVISION  IV 

Foods  and  their  Accessories 


Division  IV 

Foods  and  their  Accessories 

(Chief,  Engineer  Lauro  Viadas) 
GROUP  XIV 

Coffees,  Teas,  Spices,  and  Essences 

1.  Albino,  Leandro,  Yecapixtla,  Morelos.  Class  43 

Coffee. 

2.  Alfaro,  Emigdio  D.,  Chilchotla,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

3.  Arciniega,  Aurelio,  Coatepec,  Veracruz. 

Coffee. 

4.  Arias,  Jose*  C.,  Chietla,  Puebla. 

Coffee. 

5.  Artigas,  Gabriel  C.,  San  Andre's  Tuxtla,  Veracruz. 

Coffee. 

6.  Avendano,  Antonio,  Chilchotla,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

7.  Ayuzo,  B.,  Juquila,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

8.  Bano.  Eugenic  D.,  Chilchotla,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

9.  Becerra  Fabre,  Belisario,  San  Juan  Bautista,  Tabasco. 

Coffee  and  cocoa. 

10.  Cafetal  Santiago,  Chilchotla,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

1 1 .  Camacho,  Ismael,  Quechula,  Chiapas. 

Coffee  and  cocoa. 

12.  Campos,  Ricardo  de  Maria,  Tapachula,  Chiapas. 

Coffee. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
25 


1 3.  Cano,  Modesto,  Quechula,  Chiapas. 

Coffee. 

14.  Cortes,  Anselmo,  Tlapacoyan,  Veracruz. 

Coffee. 

15.  Dfaz  Ordaz  y  Cia,  Chilchotla,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

1 6.  Donde',  Eduardo,  Coatepec,  Veracruz. 

Coffee. 

17.  Escudero,  Francisco,  Tepic. 

Coffee. 

1 8.  Esper6n,  Manuel,  Chilchotla,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

19.  Finca  Esperanza  S.  A.,  Teotitlan,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

20.  Finca  Mercedes,  Teotitlan,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

21.  Flor,  Jose',  Jalapa,  Veracruz. 

Chocolate. 

22.  Garcia,  Mariano,  Chilchotla,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

23.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Chiapas,  Tuxtla  Gutierrez. 

Coffee  and  cocoa. 

24.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Jalisco,  Guadalajara. 

Coffee. 

25.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Michoacan,  Morelia. 

Coffee. 

26.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Morelos,  Cuernavaca. 

Coffee. 

27.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Oaxaca,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

28.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Puebla,  Puebla. 

Coffee. 

29.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  San  Luis  Potosi,  San  Luis 
Potosi. 

Coffee. 

30.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Tabasco,  San  Juan  Bautista. 

Tea,  coffee,  and  cocoa. 

31.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Veracruz,  Xalapa. 

Coffee. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
26 


32.  Gdmez  Vargas,  Rafael,  Cdrdova,  Veracruz. 

Coffee. 

33.  Hernandez,  Agustfn,  Childn,  Chiapas. 

Coffee. 

34.  Jarilla,  Emiliano,  Pahuatldn,  Puebla. 

Coffee. 

35.  Jefatura  Pdlitica  del  Territorio  de  Tepic. 

Coffee. 

36.  Jefatura  Pdlitica  de  Zitdcuaro,  Michoacdn. 

Coffee. 

37.  Ldpez,  Felipe  N.,  Coatepec,  Veracruz. 

Coffee. 

38.  Manuel,  Ponciano,  Tacdmbaro,  Michoacdn. 

Coffee. 

39.  Mercado,  Aristeo,  Uruapan,  Michoacdn. 

Coffee. 

40.  Mercado  de  Romano,  Leonor,  San  Bias,  Tepic. 

Coffee. 

41.  Mexican  Gulf  Agricultural  Company,  Dos  Rios,  Vera- 
cruz. 

Coffee. 

42.  Moreno,  Andre's,  Amilcingo,  Morelos. 

Coffee. 

43.  Noriega  Sdmano,  Alonso,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Chocolate. 

44.  Olgufn,  Estanislao,  Calnalf,  Hidalgo. 

Coffee. 

45.  Park  y  Bergofe,  Chilchotla,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

46.  Pe'rez,  Aurelio,  San  Jose'  Purua,  Michoacdn. 

Coffee. 

47.  Popoca,  Refugio,  Tilapa,  Puebla. 

Coffee. 

48.  Portillo,  J.  O.,  Chilchotla,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

49.  Pradillo,  Agustfn,  Teotitlan,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 


r0      R^gules  Hermanos,  Chilchotla,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 
,  x  Rodriguez,  Mariano,  Patzcuaro,  Michoacdn. 

Coffee. 
52.  Rojas,  Ponciano,  Pichucalco,  Chiapas. 

Cocoa. 
«  Rozas,  Justo,  San  Juan  Bautista,  Tabasco. 

Coffee. 
c-4  Santa  Cruz,  Francisco,  Colima. 

Coffee. 

55.  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Coffee  and  cocoa. 

56.  Sociedad  Agrfcola  Mexicana,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Coffee  and  cocoa. 
c7      Solrfrzano,  Ildefonso,  Tacambaro,  Michoacan. 

Coffee. 
eg  Tellez,  Antonio,  Huauchinango,  Puebla. 

Coffee. 

59.  Tellez,  Antonio,  Villa  Juarez,  Oaxaca. 

Coffee. 

60.  Tromblin  Brijan  E.,  Cdrdova,  Veracruz. 

Coffee. 

61.  Velez  Arriaga,  Luis,  Soconusco,  Ciapas. 

Cocoa. 

62.  Vogel,  Arnoldo,  Colima. 

Coffee. 

63.  Zaragoza,  Santos,  Tlalnepantla  Cuautengo,  Morelos. 

Coffee. 

64.  Zufiiga,  Adalberto,  Huazalingo,  Hidalgo. 

Coffee. 

Class  44       65.     Ball,  Juan  W.,  Durango. 
Vinegar. 

66.  Gabifio,  Salvador,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Vinegar. 

67 .  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Aguascalientes,  Aguascalientes. 

Red  pepper. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
28 


68.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Chiapas,  Tuxtla  Gutierrez. 

Spices. 

69.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Jalisco,  Guadalajara. 

Green  pepper. 

70.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Tlaxcala,  Tlaxcala. 

Red  pepper. 

71.  Merino,  S.,  Mlzantla,  Veracruz. 

Mizantleca  sauce. 

72.  Sociedad  Agrfcola  Mexicana,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Red  pepper. 

73.  Tardds  &  Hijos,  Julio,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Vinegar. 

74.  Jaspeado,  Ruperto,  Texcoco,  Me'xico. 

Olive  oil. 

75.  Vazquez,  Jose*  G.,  Ayotla,  Me'xico. 

Olive  oil. 


Class  45 


GROUP  XV 

Sugars 

76.  Aguirre,  Domingo  G.,  Tepic. 

Cane  sugar. 

77.  Almada  y  Hermanos,  Jesus,  Novalato,  Sinaloa. 

Cane  sugar. 

78.  Garcfa,  Pimentel  Luis,  Sta  Clara,  Jinacatepec,  Morelos. 

Cane  sugar. 

79.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Jalisco,  Guadalajara. 

Brown  sugar. 

80.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Morelos,  Cuernavaca. 

Cane  sugar. 

81.  Mendez,  Epifanio,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Cane  Sugar. 

82.  Subprefectura  de  los  Municipios  de  San  Jose  y  San- 
tiago, Baja  California. 

Cane  sugar. 


Class  46 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
29 


Class  47        83.     Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango. 
Agave  syrup. 

84.     Municipio  de  C.  Guerrero,  Tamaulipas. 
Agave  syrup. 

Class  48        85.     Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango. 
Honey. 


GROUP  XVI 

Preserved  Fruits 

Class  49        86.     Bentley  &  Harris,  Colonia  Juarez,  Galeana,  Chihuahua. 
Preserved  fruits. 


GROUP  XVII 

Nuts,  Mushrooms,  Dried  Fruits,  and 
Vegetables 

Class  52        87.     Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango. 
Nuts  and  pine  nuts. 

88.  Pe'rez,  Josd,  Cuilapan,  Oaxaca. 

Nuts. 

89.  Sociedad  Agricola  Mexicana,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Nuts  and  pine  nuts. 


For  explanation  of  clarification  s«e  index. 
3° 


GROUP  XVIII 

Foods  Prepared  from  Cereals 

90.  Albaitero  y  Cia,  Tacubaya,  D.  F.  Class  56 

Flour. 

91.  Cervantes,  Testamentaria  de  M.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Flour. 

9  2 .     Gobier no  del  Estado  de  Aguascalientes,  Aguascalientes. 
Flour. 

93.  Hidalgo,  Gumersindo,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Fecula  oriental  (special  flour). 

94.  Lorenz,  A.,  Puebla. 

Flour. 

95.  Martinez  del  Cerro,  J.,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 

Flour. 

96.  Pe"rez  Arce,  Carlos,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Sago. 

97.  Rivero  Succs,  V.,  Monterrey,  Nuevo  Ledn.  Class  57 

Maicena. 

98.  Compaftfa  Industrial,  Hermosillo,  Sonora.  Class  59 

Starch. 


GROUP  XIX 

Beverages  for  Household  and  Other  Uses 

99.     Lastinere,  E.,  Puebla.  Class  63 

Ginger  ale  and  sarsaparilla 

100.  Pdrez  Arce,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Ginger  ale. 

1 01.  Almada  y  Hermanos,  Jesus,  Novalato,  Sinaloa.  Class  64 

Liquors. 

102.  Camacho,  Timoteo,  Quere'taro. 

Liquors. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
31 


io3-     Cattucci,  Horacio,  Xalapa,  Veracruz. 
Orange  wine. 

104.  Companfa  Destiladora,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Liquors. 

105.  Companfa  Destiladora  "  Casa  Colorada,"  Mdxico,  D.  F. 

Liquors. 

1 06.  Cordova,  Federico,  Zacualtipan,  Hidalgo. 

Liquors. 

107.  Dfaz,  Aurelio,  Querdtaro. 

Quince  wine. 

1 08.  Fuentes  Solfs,  Fernando,  Zacualtipan,  Hidalgo. 

Quince  wine. 

109.  Galicia,  C.,  Puebla. 

Orange  wine. 

no.     Galvez,  A.,  Coatepec,  Veracruz. 
Liquors. 

in.     Garcfa,  Joaqufn,  Texcoco,  Me'xico. 
Liquors. 

112.  Jaspeado,  Ruperto,  Texcoco,  Mexico. 

Agavino  (liquor). 

113.  Maldonado,  Ramdn,  Monterrey,  Nuevo  Leon. 

Liquors. 

114.  Martfnez,  P.,  Zacatlan,  Puebla. 

Liquors. 

115.  Mena,  Evaristo,  Campeche. 

Marandn  wine. 

116.  Meza  y  Cia,  Querdtaro. 

Quince  wine. 

117.  Mogrovejo,  Juan,  Calnalf,  Hidalgo. 

Orange  wine. 

1 1 8.  Moral,  Tomas  del,  Toluca,  Mdxico. 

Liquors. 

119.  Ochoa  y  Avilez,  Fuerte,  Sinaloa. 

Liquors. 

120.  Pendas,  Manuel,  Zacualtipan,  Hidalgo. 

Quince  wine. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
3- 


121.  Ramirez,  Tomas  A.,  Molango,  Hidalgo. 

Liquors. 

122.  Riquelme,  S.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Pulque. 

123.  Sousa  Rodriguez,  Juan,  Acaponeta,  Tepic. 

Liquors. 

124.  Ugalde,  Agripino,  Zacualtipan,  Hidalgo. 

Orange  wine. 

125.  Uribe,  Macedonio,  Texcoco,  Me'xico. 

Orange  wine. 

126.  Vargas,  M.,  Colima. 

Liquors. 

127.  Companfa  Destiladora,  Me'xico,  D.  F.  Class  65 

Alcohol. 

128.  Cuesta    Gallardo    e'    Hijos,    Manuel    M.,    Atequiza, 
Jalisco. 

Alcohol. 

129.  Rodrfguez,  Ram<5n,  Quere'taro. 

Alcohol. 

130.  Santa  Cruz,  Francisco,  Colima. 

Alcohol. 

131.  Sociedad  Agrfcola  Mexicana,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Alcohol. 

132.  Soldrzano  y  Sanz,  J.,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Alcohol. 

133>     Vogel,  Arnoldo,  Colima. 
Alcohol. 

134.  Companfa  Cervecera  de  Chihuahua  S.  A.,  Chihuahua.      Class  66 

"  Edelweiss,"  "  Exposicidn,"   and    "  Carta    Plata  " 
beers. 

135.  Fabrica  de  Cerveza  "  El  Ledn,"  Ledn,  Guanajuato. 

"  Bock  "  and  "  Perla  de  Oro  "  beers. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
33 


DIVISION  V 

Horticulture 

Pomology ',  Floriculture,  Viticulture 


HORTICULTURE 


EX  ICO  possesses  climate  and  soil  for 
the  development  of  horticulture  in 
all  its  branches,  but  as  yet  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  products  it  is  not 
carried  on  in  a  sufficiently  large  scale  for  export. 
The  climate  of  the  table  lands  is  admirably 
adapted,  with  the  aid  of  irrigation,  for  the  culti- 
vation of  all  fruits.  Apples,  peaches,  figs,  pears, 
and  apricots  are  produced  in  abundance  for  the 
local  markets,  but  no  efforts  have  been  made  for 
drying  and  preserving  these  fruits  on  a  large 
scale.  In  some  sections  the  fruits  are  rich  and 
of  very  fine  flavor  on  account  of  the  good  soil 
and  limited  rain.  The  States  of  Coahuila  and 
Chihuahua  possess  large  tracks  of  lands  where 
pomology  could  be  engaged  in  extensively  to 
good  profit,  if  proper  plants  were  erected  for  the 
drying  and  evaporating  of  the  surplus  fruit. 
Grapes  are  also  produced  in  abundance  and 
excellent  wine  is  manufactured  in  the  State  of 
Coahuila,  but  not  yet  sufficient  to  meet  the 
demand,  as  large  quantities  are  imported. 

To  the  east  and  west  of  the  table  lands,  on 
the  slopes  of  the  Gulf  and  the  Pacific,  is  the 
region  for  the  production  of  tropical  fruits  — 
bananas,  pineapples,  mangoes,  mameyes,  oranges, 
limes,  and  citrus  family  in  general ;  chirimoyas 
and  anona  species  grown  luxuriantly.  With  the 
exception  of  oranges  at  certain  seasons  of  the 
year  no  other  fruits  are  cultivated  for  export. 

37 


• 


In  vegetables,  recently,  the  truck  farmer  has 
established  in  the  State  of  Tamaulipas  experi- 
mental farms  for  the  cultivation  of  tomatoes  — 
farms  that  have  become  practical  and  profitable, 
as  already  carloads  are  sent  early  to  market  for 
export.  Later,  probably,  the  truck  farmer  of 
Mexico  will  export  also  cucumbers,  green  corn, 
and  melons  in  winter,  as  it  is  at  this  season 
that  these  vegetables  are  cultivated  to  greater 
advantage. 

It  will  be  some  time,  however,  before  other 
fruits  and  vegetables  will  be  exported;  the 
excessive  express  rates  are  almost  prohibitive  for 
their  profitable  cultivation.  Another  great  draw- 
back to  the  industry  is  the  costly  packing  of 
fruits  and  vegetables. 

Outside  of  the  City  of  Mexico  commercial 
floriculture,  with  few  exceptions,  can  be  said  not 
to  exist,  as  the  climate  being  so  mild,  anyone  can 
be  his  or  her  own  florist. 

Geraniums  and  pelargoniums,  carnations, 
and  begonias,  and  all  annuals  thrive  well  in  any 
part  of  the  country,  as  do  also  the  lilies,  amarylis, 
and  other  bulbous  plants.  Roses  are  quite 
abundant  everywhere  and  the  fancy  varieties  are 
mostly  propagated  by  grafts.  The  camellia  and 
azalea  are  favorite  pot  plants  and  are  yet 
imported  in  quantities,  but  suitable  climate  and 
soil  has  been  discovered  for  their  propagation 
and  importations  will  probably  soon  diminish. 

Mexico  exports  the  largest  variety  of  cactus 
of  any  country  in  the  world,  but  these  plants, 
which  are  found  almost  exclusively  on  the  dry 

38 


and  arid  parts  of  mountains,  find  no  place  with 
the  florist  except  for  rock  work  and  alpine 
gardens.  Many  new  species  have  been  recently 
discovered  and  collectors  continue  to  add  novel- 
ties to  the  already  long  list  of  cactaceae. 

Orchids  are  found  at  altitudes  varying  from 
3,000  to  5,000  feet  above  sea  level,  and  these 
lovely  plants  are  also  exported  in  large  quantities 
to  Europe,  chiefly  the  laelias  and  odontoglossums. 
Among  the  former  may  be  mentioned  L. 
Autummalis  and  L.  Mayalis,  also  the  great 
variety  of  L.  Anceps  Alba.  There  is  yet  a  vast 
territory  to  the  Pacific  to  be  explored  botanically 
and  many  new  additions  may  be  expected  to 
floriculture.  In  the  same  region  that  orchids 
grow  may  be  found  a  great  variety  of  ornamental 
foliage  plants,  like  dracenas,  mazaultras,  and 
palms,  also  climbers  and  ferns. 

Large  quantities  of  bulbs,  collected  in  a  wild 
state,  are  annually  exported,  chiefly  amarylis, 
milla  bi flora,  bessera  elegans,  and  tigridias. 
There  are  many  regions  in  southern  Mexico 
where  the  lilies  like  L.  Harrisi  and  L.  Aurabum 
could  be  profitably  grown  for  export,  also  many 
rare  flower  seeds  that  cannot  mature  in  northern 
latitudes,  but  this  branch  of  the  industry  has  not 
yet  been  developed. 

Vine  culture  in  Mexico  is  obtaining  a 
gradual  and  steady  development,  and  the  local 
consumption  of  wines  and'  liquors  is  also  attain- 
ing a  great  importance. 

The  country  already  produces  red  and  white 
vines  of  extra  fine  quality,  but  still  imports  from 

39 


foreign  countries  more  than  $2,200,000  worth  of 
these  same  wines  each  year. 

It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  the  Mexican 
vine  has  not  been  attacked  so  far  by  the  phyloxera, 
nor  by  any  other  insect  so  destructive  as  this  one. 

The  production  of  "pulque,"  the  popular 
and  national  drink  (made  of  liquids  extracted 
from  the  agave  tree),  reached  the  enormous 
figure  of  3,000,000  hectoliters  yearly. 

In  this  Republic  is  also  produced  wines  of 
agreeable  odor  and  delicious  flavor  made  from 
quince,  orange,  and  pineapple  fruits. 

Many  modern  establishments  in  Mexico  are 
entirely  given  up  to  the  manufacture  of  all  kinds 
of  liquors  and  alcohols.  "  Tequila,"  already  well 
known  in  the  United  States,  is  one  of  the 
principal  alcoholic  drinks  manufactured  and  con- 
sumed in  Mexico. 


Division  V 
Horticulture 

Pomology ',  Floriculture,  Viticulture 
Pomology 

(Chief,  Jesus  M.  Nuncio) 
GROUP  XXIII 

Models 

1.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango.  Class  81 

Imitation  of  fruits  in  wax. 

2.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Oaxaca,  Oaxaca. 

Imitation  of  fruits  in  wax. 

3.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Sonora,  Hermosillo. 

Imitation  of  fruits  in  wax. 

4.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Tabasco,  San  Juan  Bautista. 

Imitation  of  fruits  in  wax. 

5.  Junta  local  del  Estado  de  Puebla,  Puebla. 

Imitation  of  fruits  in  wax. 

6.  Penafiel  Esther,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Imitation  of  fruits  in  wax. 


GROUP  XXIV. 

Methods  and  Appliances 

7.     Sociedad  Agricola  Mexicana,  Mexico,  D.  F.  Class  83 

Canned  fruits. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  inde 
41 


Class  84 


GROUP  XXV. 

Literature 

8.     Secretarfa    de    Fomento,    Colonizacidn   i   Industria, 
Mexico,  D.  F. 

Album  of  Mexican  fruits. 


Class  go 


Floriculture 

(Chief,  Alberto  McDowell) 
GROUP  XXVII 

Pelargoniums 

9.     McDowell,  Alberto,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 
Collection  of  fancy  pelargoniums 

GROUP  XXVIII 


Flowering  Bulbous  Plants 

Class  100        10.     McDowell,  Alberto,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 

Collection  of  500  single  tuberous  begonias. 
Collection  of  500  double  tuberous  begonias. 

Class  101        ii.     McDowell,  Alberto,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 
Flowering  bulbs. 

Amarylis  Formossisima, 
Bessera  Elegans, 
Cyclobothra  Flava, 
Milla  Biflora, 

Zephyrantes  Alba  and  Rosea, 
Tigridias  Pavonia, 
Conchiflora  and  Rosea, 
Pancratuim  sps. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 

42 


GROUP  XXXII 


Greenhouse  Flowering  Plants 

McDowell,  Alberto,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 
Collection  of  camelias. 


Class  112 


GROUP  XXXIII 

Decorative  Plants 

13.     McDowell,  Alberto,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 

Latania  Borbonica,  Kentia  Belmoriana, 

Kentia  Forsteriana,  Corypha  Australis, 

Phienix  Canariensis,  Chamedoria  Elegans, 

Chamedoria  Gracilis. 


Class  113 


GROUP  XXXIV 

Orchids 

14.     McDowell,  Alberto,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 


Class  123 


Brassavola  Glauca, 

Brassia  Verrucosa, 

Catleya  Citrina, 

Chysis  Aurea, 

Chysis  Bractescens, 

Epidendrum  Falcatum, 

E.  Nemorale, 

E.  Vitellinum  Majus, 

Laelia  Albida, 

Laelia  Anceps, 

L.  Anceps  Alba  in  var., 

L.  Autumnalis, 

L.  Atrorubens, 

L.  Majalis, 

L.  Majalis  Alba, 

L.  Majalis  Rosea, 


Lycaste  Aromatica, 

Lycaste  Cruenta, 

Mormodes  sps., 

Odontoglossum  Bictoniense, 

O.  Cervantessi, 

O.  Citrosnum, 

O.  Cordatum, 

O.  Insleayi, 

O.  Maculatum, 

O.  Nebulosum, 

O.  Rechenheimi, 

Oncidium  Bicalosum, 

On.  Cavendishanum, 

On.  Cebolleta, 

On.  Tigrinum, 

On.  Ornythornychum, 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
43 


Orchids  >  continued 

On.  Stelligerum,  Sobralia  Macrantha, 

On.  Tigrinum,  Stanhopea  Tigrinia, 

On.  Unguiculatum,  S.  Oculata, 

Schomburgkia  Tibicinis,  S.  Martiana. 


GROUP  XXXV 

Gactacea 

Class  124        IS-     McDowell,  Alberto,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 

Anhalonium  Fissuratum,     Cereus  Serpentinus, 
A.  Lewini,  C.  Euphorbioides, 

A.  Prismaticum,  C.  Flagelliformis, 

A.  Sulcatum,  C.  Gemantus, 

A.  Williams!,  C.  Passacanus, 

C.Puginiferous  Geometrizans 
C.  Speciossisimus, 
Other  unclassified  cereus. 

Echinocactus 

E.  Beguini,  E.  Multicostatus, 

E.  Bicolor,  E.  Ornatus, 

E.  Capricornis,  E.  Pfeifferi, 

E.Comigereus  Flavispinus,  E.  Recurvus, 

E.  Crispatus,  E.  Robustus, 

E.  Electracanthus,  E.  Sheeri, 

E.  Grusoni,  E.  Pilosus, 

E.  Helophorus,  E.  Pilosus  Steinssi, 

E.  Horizonthalonious,  E.  Texensis, 

E.  Ingens,  E.  Turbiniformis, 

E.  Lancifer,  E.  Uncinatus, 

E.  McDowelli,  E.  Cereus  Berlandieri, 

E.  Lophothele,  E.  C.  Ehrenbergi, 

E.  Caespitosus,  E.  C.  Pectinatus. 

E.  C.  Merkeri, 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 


fn 


Mamillaria 

M.  Aplanata,  M.  Carreti, 

M.  Cirhifera  Longispina,  M.  Cornifera, 

M.  Cornuta,  M.  Damonoceras, 

M.  Donati,  M.  Echinata, 

M.  Elegans,  M.  Elephantidens, 

M.  Erecta,  M.  Eriacantha, 

M.  Heeseana  Longispina,  M.  Lassomeri, 

M.  Micromeris,  M.  Micromeris  Greggi, 

M.  Mutabilis,  M.  Nivea, 

M.  Nicholson!,  M.  Parkinsoni, 

M.  Pfeifferi,  M.  Plumosa, 

M.  Potosina,  M.  Recurvata, 

M.  Recurvens,  M.  Sanguinea, 

M.  Scolymoides,  M.  Spinossisima, 

M.  Stella  Aurata,  M.  Waltoni, 

Pilocereus  Fosulatus,  PC.  Hoppenstedti, 

P.  C.  Senelis,  Pelecyphora  Asceliformis, 

Opuntia  Microdasy,  M.  Micromeris  Cristata, 

Mamillaria  Nivia  Cristata,  Cereus  Columbrinus  Cristata, 

M.  Lassomeri  Cristata,  Cereus  Pasacanus  Cristata. 

GROUP  XXXVII 

Climbing  Plants 

1 6.  McDowell,  Alberto,  Tacubaya,  D.  F.  Class  130 

Tender  climbing  plants. 
Cobea,  Scandens,  Mina,  Lobata. 

GROUP  XXXVIII 

Wild  Plants 

17.  McDowell,  Alberto,  Tacubaya,  D.  F.  Class  132 

Native  wild  plants. 

Tillandasias,  Sellanigella  Lepidophyla, 

Agave  Americana,          Americana  Variegata, 
Tehuacanensis,  A.  Victoria  Regina, 

10  other  unclassified  agaves. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 

45 


GROUP  XLIV. 

Literature 

Class  146        1 8.     Secretarfa    de    Fomento,    Colonization   6    Industria, 
Mexico,  D.  F. 

Album  of  flowers  which  grow  in  Mexico. 


Viticulture 

(Chief,  Jesus  M.  Nuncio) 
GROUP  XL VI 

Whines  and  Brandies 

Class  153        19.     Chalon  Hermanos,  Apam,  Hidalgo. 
White  wine. 

20.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Aguascalientes,  Aguascalientes. 

White  wine. 

21.  Gonzalez  Trevino,  Lorenzo,  Parras,  Coahuila. 

White  wine. 

22.  Rancho  Grande,  Fresnillo,  Zacatecas. 

White  wine. 

23.  Torres  Hermanos,  Nazas,  Durango. 

White  wine. 

Class  154        24.     Barrios  y  Murga,  Mexico,  D.  F. 
Red  wine. 

25.  Gonzalez  Trevino,  Lorenzo,  Parras,  Coahuila. 

Red  wine. 

26.  Vargas,  M.,  Colima. 

Red  wine. 

Class  155        27.     Davila,  Ignacio,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 
Muscatel. 

28.     Garcfa,  Joaqui'n,  Texcoco,  Mexico. 
Vermouth. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index 
46 


Mexico  at  the  Pan-American  Exposition 


Wines  and   Horticulture  Exhibit 

Horticulture  Building 


29.  Gonzalez  Trevino,  Lorenzo,  Parras,  Coahuila. 

Cherry,  port  wine,  and  wine  "  jerezado." 

30.  Chalon  Hermanos,  Apam,  Hidalgo.  Class  156 

Champagne  (made  from  "  pulque  "). 

31.  Audinot,  Francisco,  Aguascalientes.  Class  157 

Brandy. 

32.  Arellanes,  Longinos,  Ocotlan,  Oaxaca. 

Mezcal. 

33.  Becerra  Fabre,  Carlos,  Macuspana,  Tabasco. 

Brandy. 

34.  Casa  Colorada,  S.  A.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Cognacs,  rum,  and  brandy. 

35.  Casillas,  Pilar,  Ensenada,  Baja  California. 

Brandy. 

36.  Castillo  Hermanos,  Santa  Elena,  Durango. 

Mezcal. 

37.  Companfa   Destiladora  "  La    Kentucky "   Monterrey, 
Nuevo  Le6n. 

Whiskey  and  mezcal. 

38.  Companfa  Destiladora,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Brandy. 

39.  Cuevas,  Andres,  Miahuatlan,  Oaxaca. 

Mezcal. 

40.  Cruz,  Sabas,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Tequila. 

41.  Cruz,  Eulogio,  Santo  Tomas,  Oaxaca. 

Mezcal. 

42.  Uelius  y  Compania,  Tepic. 

Banana  brandy. 

43.  Destilerfa  del  Torredn,  Torredn,  Coahuila. 

Whiskey. 

44.  Encinas,  Alfredo,  Sahuaripa,  Sonora. 

Mezcal. 

45.  Fabrica  "  La  Escondida,"  Tepic. 

Brandy. 

Filizola  Hermanos,  Ciudad  Victoria,  Tamaulipas. 
Mezcal. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
47 


47.  Garcfa  Hermanos,  Otumba,  Mexico. 

Brandy  (made  from  pulque). 

48.  Garcfa,  Jesus,  San  Luis  Potosf. 

Mezcal. 

49.  Garcfa,  Joaqufn,  Texcoco,  Mexico. 

Brandy  and  cognac. 

50.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Aguascalientes,  Aguascalientes. 

Brandy. 

51.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Morelos,  Cuernavaca. 

Mezcal. 

52.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Zacatecas,  Zacatecas. 

Mezcal. 

53.  Gonzalez  Trevino,  Lorenzo,  Parras,  Coahuila. 

Brandy. 

54.  Guzman,  Bernabe1,  Ocotlan,  Oaxaca. 

Mezcal. 

55.  Jarquin,  Mariano,  Zoquitlan,  Oaxaca. 

Mezcal. 

56.  Jesus,  Juan  Pedro,  Miahuatlan,  Oaxaca. 

Mezcal. 

57.  Ledesma,  Genoveva,  Zimapan,  Hidalgo. 

Mezcal. 

58.  Ledesma,  Federico,  Zimapan  Hidalgo. 

Mezcal. 

59.  Lopez,  Melesio,  Sinaloa. 

Mezcal. 

60.  Maldonado,  Ramdn,  Monterrey,  Nuevo  Ledn. 

Brandy. 

61.  Mantilla,  Josd  M.,  San  Juan  Bautista,  Tabasco. 

Mezcal. 

62.  Martinez,  Josd,  Tlacolula,  Oaxaca. 

Mezcal. 

63.  Martfnez,  Juan,  San  Pedro  Quiatoni,  Oaxaca. 

Mezcal. 

64.  Martfnez,  L.,  Hostotipaquillo,  Jalisco. 

Mezcal. 

65.  Martfnez,  Viuda  de,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Tequila. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
48 


66.  Mendoza,  E.,  La  Paz  Baja  California. 

Mezcal. 

67.  Mendoza,  Simdn,  La  Paz  Baja  California. 

Mezcal. 

68.  Mora,  Ramdn  de  la,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Tequila. 

69.  Mundz,  Manuel,  Tlaltizapan,  Hidalgo. 

Mezcal. 

70.  Nunez,  Juan,  Sinaloa. 

Mezcal. 

7 1 .  Ochoa  y  AviMs,  Fuerte,  Sinaloa. 

Brandy. 

72.  Ortega,  Carmen,  Hermosillo,  Sonora. 

Mezcal. 

73.  Parada,  Miguel,  Ocotlan,  Oaxaca. 

Mezcal. 

74.  Peiro  Hermanos,  Hacienda  de  Pericos,  Sinaloa. 

Mezcal. 

75.  Ramirez  e*  Hijos,  San  Luis  Potosf. 

Mezcal. 

76.  Retes  Hermanos,  Hacienda  de  Pericos,  Sinaloa. 

Mezcal. 

77.  Remus,  Hijas  de,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Brandy. 

78.  Riquelme,  S.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Brandy. 

79.  Romero,  Francisco,  Tequila,  Jalisco. 

Mezcal. 

80.  Samperio,  Ignacio,  Pachuca,  Hidalgo. 

Mezcal. 

81.  Sociedad  Agricola  Mexicana,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Mezcal. 

82.  Soldrzano  y  Sanz,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Brandy  (made  from  pulque). 

83.  Tardds,  Julio,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Whiskey,  cognac,  rum,  and  brandy. 

84.  Teran,  Juan,  Ciudad  Victoria,  Tamaulipas. 

Mezcal. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
49 


85.  Vald^s,  Abundio,  Aguacaliente,  Sinaloa. 

Brandy. 

86.  Villareal,  J.  M.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Cognac. 

87.  Zamora,  Ciriaco,  Miacatlan,  Morelos. 

Mezcal. 

88.  Zertuche,  A.,  Ciudad  Romero  Rubio,  Coahuila. 

Mezcal. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
50 


DIVISION  VI 

Forestry 


FORESTRY 

|HE  exhibit  presented  by  the  Republic 
of  Mexico  in  the  Forestry  Building 
is  composed  of  the  following  articles : 
wood  specimens,  chewing  gum,  rub- 
ber, broom-root,  indigo,  gums,  tanning  barks, 
axe,  achiote,  and  medicinal  plants. 

Among  the  wood  specimens  are  found : 
mahogany,  ebony,  primavera,  rose,  cedar,  oak, 
walnut,  mezquite,  Brazil,  and  other  dyeing  woods, 
\&z.c\i,granadillo,  chewing-gum  tree,  (chico  sapote), 
pine,  ocote,  sabine,  tepehuaje,  ash,  balsam,  capulin, 
chechen,  peach  tree,  guayac&n,  blackberry,  lign- 
aloes,  mulberry  tree,  llorasangre,  laurel,  juniper, 
and  many  others,  making  a  total  of  three  hundred 
and  fifty-six  different  kinds  of  woods. 

We  regret  not  having  been  able  to  exhibit  a 
complete  collection  of  all  the  woods  that  are 
produced  in  Mexico,  for  it  is  a  fact  well  known 
that  one-fourth  part  of  Mexico's  territorial  land, 
or  say  496,800  square  kilometres,  is  covered  with 
numberless  groves  of  trees,  both  on  the  plains 
and  in  dense  forests. 

Every  year  one  cut,  at  least,  is  made  in  the 
few  places  where  timber  is  worked,  the  annual 
production  amounting  to  1,428,047  tons  with  an 
approximate  value  of  $9,906,321. 

The  following  are  the  principal  countries  to 
which  these  woods  are  exported :  Germany, 
Spain,  United  States,  France,  Holland,  England, 
Italy,  and  Russia;  55,121  tons  having  been  ex- 
ported in  one  year,  amounting  to  $3,469,000. 

53 


Chewing  gum  is  one  of  the  rich  productions 
of  Mexico.  The  production  of  chewing  gum  and 
cautchouc,  samples  of  which  are  exhibited  in 
this  department,  has  caused  great  admiration 
among  the  visitors,  because  it  demonstrates  the 
wonderful  fertility  of  the  Mexican  soil. 

The  States  which  produce  these  important 
articles,  more  than  others,  are :  Campeche, 
Chiapas,  Jalisco,  Oaxaca,  Puebla,  Tabasco,  Tepic, 
Veracruz,  and  Yucatan. 

Owing  to  the  small  number  of  enterprises 
dealing  in  these  valuable  products,  only  1,000 
tons  of  chewing  gum  and  600  tons  of  cautchouc 
have  been  exported  per  annum. 

Some  692  tons  of  chewing  gum  and  126 
tons  of  cautchouc  are  exported  to  foreign  coun- 
tries every  year. 

Dyeing  wood,  indigo,  axe,  and  achiote  that 
are  on  exhibition  in  this  department  are  also  very 
valuable  and  grow  abundantly ;  large  quantities 
of  them  are  also  exported. 

Broom-root  (Zacaton).  This  plant  is  very  use- 
ful for  several  purposes  and  grows  in  large 
quantities  in  Mexico. 

Medicinal  plants,  as  well  as  those  for  indus- 
trial purposes,  take  an  interesting  part  in  this 
exhibition,  and  are  also  much  exported  and 
valued  by  the  public. 


54 


Division  VI 
Forestry 

(Chief,  Enrique  H.  Garibay) 
GROUP  XLVIII. 

Commercial  Exhibits 
(Forestry  Products] 

Ayuntamiento  de  Miacatlan,  Morelos.  Class  160 

Collection  of  woods. 

Ayuntamiento  de  Tlaltizapan,  Morelos. 
Collection  of  woods. 

Barreto,  Gregorio,  Colima. 
Collection  of  woods. 

Barren,  Forbes  y  Cia,  Tepic. 
Collection  of  woods. 

Carpena,  Gila  A.  de,  Tepic. 
Collection  of  woods. 

Companfa  Colonizadora,  Progreso,  Yucatan. 
Collection  of  woods. 

Companfa    del    Ferrocarril    Sud    Oriental,    M^rida, 
Yucatan. 

Collection  of  woods 

Cortes,  Remigio,  Tlacotalpam,  Veracruz. 
Collection  of  woods. 

Fuentes,  Primitive,  Tetecala,  Morelos. 
Collection  of  woods. 

Gonzalez  Gil,  Jose",  Cunduacan,  Tabasco. 
Sample  of  wood. 

Gonzalez,  Pedro,  Cunduacan,  Tabasco. 
Sample  of  wood. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 

55 


1 2 .  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Aguascalientes,  Aguascalientes. 

Collection  of  woods. 

13.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Colima,  Colima. 

Collection  of  woods. 

14.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Puebla,  Puebla. 

Collection  of  woods. 

15.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  San  Luis  Potosf,  San  Luis 
Potosf. 

Collection  of  woods. 

1 6.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Tabasco,  San  Juan  Bautista. 

Collection  of  woods. 

17.  Gobierno  del  Territorio  de  Tepic,  Tepic. 

Collection  of  woods. 

1 8.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Veracruz,  Xalapa. 

Collection  of  woods. 

19.  Herndndez,  Gregorio,  Cunduacan,  Tabasco. 

Sample  of  wood. 

20.  Merodio,  Manuel,  Cunduacan,  Tabasco. 

Collection  of  woods. 

21.  Romano  y  Cia,  Macuspana,  Tabasco. 

Collection  of  woods. 

22.  Rosas,  Perfecto,  Amacuzac,  Morelos. 

Collection  of  woods. 

23.  Salazar,  Mauro,  Montemorelos,  Nuevo  Le<5n. 

Collection  of  woods. 

24.  Santa  Cruz,  Francisco,  Colima. 

Collection  of  woods. 

25.  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Collection  of  woods. 

26.  Solorzano,  Salvador,  Mdxico,  D.  F. 

Collection  of  woods. 

27.  Solorzano  y  Sanz,  Jose",  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Collection  of  woods. 

Class  162        28.     Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Colima,  Colima. 
Collection  of  tanning  barks. 

29.     Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Guerrero,  Chilpancingo. 
Collection  of  tanning  barks. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
56 


30.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Tabasco,  San  Juan  Bautista. 

Collection  of  tanning  barks. 

31.  Martfnez,  J.  M.,  Zimatlan,  Oaxaca. 

Collection  of  tanning  barks. 

32.  Municipio  de  Jonacatepec,  Morelos. 

Collection  of  tanning  barks. 

33.  Torres,  E.,  Los  Elotes,  Morelos. 

Collection  of  tanning  barks. 

34.  Anciola,  M.,  Inchamin,  Michoacan.  Class  163 

Specimens  of  indigo. 

35.  Alvarez,  M.,  Chiapa,  Guerrero. 

Specimens  of  indigo. 

36.  Barron,  Forbes  y  Cia,  Tepic. 

Specimens  of  rubber. 

37.  Becerra  Fabre,  Belisario,  Macuspana,  Tabasco. 

Specimens  of  achiote. 

38.  Camacho,  I.,  Las  Conchas,  Chiapas. 

Specimens  of  rubber. 

39.  Cesena,  E.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Specimens  of  damiana. 

40.  Companfa  Colonizadora,  Progreso,  Yucatan. 

Specimens  of  chewing  gum. 

41.  Espinosa,  J.  M.,  La  Libertad,  Chiapas. 

Specimens  of  indigo. 

42.  Fragoso,  Nestor,  Motozintla,  Chiapas. 

Specimens  of  gums. 

43.  Fuentes,  P.,  Tetecala,  Morelos. 

Specimens  of  gums. 

44.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Colima,  Colima. 

Specimens  of  cascalote. 

45.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Chiapas,  Tuxtla  Gutierrez. 

Specimens  of  rubber,  resin,  indigo,  achiote,  amolillo, 
and  jaboncillo. 

46.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Guerrero,  Chilpancingo. 

Specimens  of  gums. 

47.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Michoacan,  Morelia. 

Specimens  of  axe. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 

57 


48.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Tabasco,  San  Juan  Bautista. 

Specimens   of   achiote,   chewing   gum,  resin,   and 
rubber. 

49.  Municipio  de  Jonacatepec,  Morelos. 

Specimens  of  gums. 

50.  Munoz  Cano,  F.,  Metztitlan,  Hidalgo. 

Achicuiliche  skin. 

51.  Palacios,  S.,  Motozintla,  Chiapas. 

Specimens  of  gums. 

52.  Pallas  y  Cia,  Isla  del  Carmen,  Campeche. 

Specimens  of  chewing  gum. 

53.  Parres  de  la  Fuente,  Juan,  La  Providencia,  Mexico. 

Specimens  of  broom  root. 

54.  Ramos  Hermanos,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Specimens  of  chewing  gum  and  rubber. 

55.  Robles,  L.,  Sinacomitldn,  Colima. 

Specimens  of  chewing  gum  and  rubber. 

56.  Rosado,  Desiderio  G.,  Comalcalco,  Tabasco. 

Specimens  of  Jaboncillo. 

57.  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Specimens  of  gums,  medicinal  plants,  and  chewing 
gum. 

58.  Vargas,  F.  S.,  Chila,  Tepic. 

Specimens  of  chewing  gum. 

59.  Vazquez,  Pablo,  Tlaltenango,  Morelos. 

Mezquite  gum. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index 
58 


DIVISION  VIII 

Mines  and  Metallurgy 


MINES    AND    METALLURGY 

S  far  as  mining  is  concerned,  Mexico 
may  be  considered  the  richest  coun- 
try in  the  world,  because  it  is  acknowl- 
edged that  almost  all  its  mountains 
are  of  metalliferous  character,  and  it  is  estimated 
that  not  more  than  one-tenth  of  its  mineral 
wealth  has  yet  been  developed.  The  richest 
region  in  mineral  deposits  is  found  in  the  western 
range  of  mountains  which  extends  from  the  State 
of  Oaxaca  to  that  of  Sonora  for  a  distance  of 
2,560  kilometres,  bound  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E. 

The  principal  mining  districts  of  the  Re- 
public, and  the  states  to  which  they  belong  re- 
spectively, are  the  following : 

Pachuca,  State  of  Hidalgo. 

Guanajuato,  State  of  Guanajuato. 

Zacatecas,  State  of  Zacatecas. 

Catorce,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi. 

Zaculpan,  State  of  Mexico. 

Chihuahua  and  Batopilas,  State  of  Chihua- 
hua. 

Topia  and  Mapimi,  State  of  Durango. 

Sierra  Mojada,  State  of  Coahuila. 

El  Triunfo  y  Santa  Rosalia,  Territory  of  Baja 
California  (Lower  California). 

Peras,  State  of  Oaxaca. 

There  are  many  others  of  importance,  im- 
possible to  mention  here,  and  situated  in  the 
States  of  Oaxaca,  Sonora,  Nuevo  Leon,  Aguas- 
calientes,  etc. 

61 


The  mining  districts  of  Guanajuato,  Zacate- 
cas,  and  Catorce,  situated  in  the  center  of  the 
Republic  comprise  an  extension  of  33,000  square 
kilometres.  These  figure  are  enough  to  give  an 
idea  of  the  total  area  comprised  in  the  districts 
before  mentioned. 

The  mining  production  of  the  country  in 
1884  amounted  to  $43,200,000,  it  increased  to 
$65, 1 29,840  in  1889,  and  in  the  fiscal  year  1899 
to  1900  reached  the  sum  of  $93,069,027,  but 
adding  the  sum  of  $10,142,285,  which  is  the  dif- 
ference between  the  price  of  gold  at  $675!^  per 
kilo  and  its  commercial  price,  the  sum* of  $103,- 
211,312  is  the  value  in  Mexican  dollars  of  the 
mineral  production  of  the  country. 

Regarding  non-metallic  minerals,  the  approx- 
imate production  is  estimated  to  be  $25,000,000, 
so  that  the  total  production  amounts  to  $128,21 1,- 
312. 

In  calculating  this  amount,  the  proportion  of 
lead  and  copper,  as  well  as  the  precious  metals, 
is  as  follows : 

KILOS  GRAMS 

Gold,  13,776  475 

Silver,  1,714,448  470 

Copper,  28,300  tons. 

Lead,  63,950      " 

Silver  is  the  principal  factor  of  the  mining 
production  of  the  country.  Gold  is  found  mixed 
with  the  white  metal  or  free,  in  the  States  of 
Oaxaca,  Chihuahua,  Batopilas,  Sonora,  Guerrero, 
and  Durango.  The  richest  veins  are  found  in 
the  coast  of  the  Pacific  and  in  Lower  California. 
62 


The  auriferous  region  covers  the  western 
side  of  Sierra  Madre  and  Sonora,  and  at  the  south 
it  is  as  rich  as  portions  of  California,  Alaska, 
and  South  Africa.  Mexico  will  gradually  become 
very  important  in  the  production  of  the  yellow 
metal.  Explorations  are  made  daily  with  success, 
and  many  new  deposits  are  being  discovered. 

Copper  is  being  developed  with  great  rapid- 
ity. Last  year,  this  production  amounted  to 
$10,000,000,  and  we  might  say  that  this  sum  will 
be  doubled  as  soon  as  the  abundant  deposits  dis- 
covered in  Sonora  begin  to  be  developed. 

The  Compama  Minera  del  Boleo,  situated 
in  Santa  Rosalia,  Baja  California,  has  begun  to 
exploit  antimony,  quicksilver,  sulphur,  etc.,  and 
considerable  and  important  progress  is  being 
made  in  that  line. 

Iron  is  very  abundant  in  Mexico.  It  is 
enough  to  mention  the  important  deposit,  called 
Cerro  del  Mercado,  in  the  State  of  Durango.  It  is 
4,800  feet  long,  1,100  broad,  and  640  high.  The 
mineral  contains  70  per  cent  of  iron,  and  more  than 
$300,000,000  can  be  extracted  from  that  region. 

Large  reduction  works  have  been  estab- 
lished in  Monterrey,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Aguas- 
calientes,  etc.,  and  many  others  are  also  to  be 
erected  for  the  treatment  of  the  above  men- 
tioned minerals. 

Several  kinds  of  stone  for  building  purposes 
are  being  quarried.  The  Mexican  onyx,  so  beau- 
tiful for  ornamental  purposes,  is  also  being  ex- 
ploited in  Mexico  and  every  day  its  production 
reaches  greater  proportions. 

63 


The  Mexican  exhibit  in  mines  at  the  Pan- 
American  Exposition  is  intended  to  show  the 
various  mining  products  of  the  Republic  which 
are  attracting  the  attention  of  the  world's  great 
mining  enterprises. 


Division  VIII 
Mines  and  Metallurgy 

(Chief,  Engineer  Juan  D.  Fleury) 
GROUP  LIV 

Mineral  Collections 

1.  Aguilar,  Francisco,  Ures,  Sonora.  Class  187 

Gold  and  silver  ores. 

2.  Ahumada,  Miguel,  Chihuahua,  Chihuahua. 

Silver  ores. 

3.  Anaya,  Andre's,  Monterrey,  Nuevo  Ledn. 

Lead  and  silver  ores. 

4.  Ayuntamiento  de  C.  Guerrero,  Tamaulipas. 

Silver  ores. 

5.  Bikerton,  J.  E.,  Moctezuma,  Sonora. 

Silver  ores. 

6.  Blanco,  Angel,  Sultepec,  Me'xico. 

Silver  ores. 

7.  Comisidn  de  Exposicidn  de  San  Luis  Potosf,  San  Luis 
Potosf. 

Mineral  collection. 

8.  Companfa  del  Real  del  Monte  y  Pachuca,  Pachuca, 
Hidalgo. 

Mineral  collection. 

9.  Companfa    Francesa    Minera   de    San    Pedro,    Altar, 
Sonora. 

Silver  ores. 

10.  Companfa  Minera  "Cruz  y  Anexas,"  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Native  sulphur  and  quick  silver  ores. 

1 1 .  Companfa  Minera  de  Bajan,  Monterrey,  Nuevo  Ledn. 

Silver  ores. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
65 


12.  Companfa  Minera  de  Buena  Vista,  Monterrey,  Nuevo 
Ledn. 

Copper  and  silver  ores. 

13.  Companfa  Minera  del  Boleo,  Santa  Rosalia,  Baja  Cali- 
fornia. 

Copper  ores. 

14.  Companfa  Minera  de  Panuco,  Mazatlan,  Sinaloa. 

Collection  of  silver  ores. 

15.  Companfa  Minera  de  Penoles,  Mapimf,  Durango. 

Lead  and  silver  ores. 

1 6.  Companfa  Minera  de  San  Rafael  y  Anexas,  Zacatecas. 

Silver  ores. 

17.  Companfa  Minera  Fundidora  y  Afmadora  de  Mon- 
terrey, Monterrey,  Nuevo  Ledn. 

Lead  and  silver  ores. 

18.  Companfa  Minera  "La  Castellana   y   San    Ramdn " 
Ahuacatlan,  Tepic. 

Silver  ores. 

19.  Companfa  Minera,  "La  Fraternal,"  S.  A.  Lampazos, 
Nuevo  Ledn. 

Lead  and  zinc  ores. 

20.  Companfa  Minera,  Lampazos,  Nuevo  Ledn. 

Silver  ores. 

21.  Companfa  Minera  "  La  Palma,"  Sombrerete,  Zacatecas. 

Gold  and  silver  ores. 

22.  Creel,  Enrique,  Chihuahua. 

Silver  ores. 

23.  Creston  Colorado  Mining  Co.,  The,  Hermosillo,  Sonora. 

Lead,  gold,  and  silver  ores. 

24.  Cruz,  Rafael,  Chihuahua. 

Silver  ores. 

25.  Chiapas  Mining  Co.,  The,  Pichucalco,  Chiapas. 

Copper  and  silver  ores. 

26.  Detroit  Mexican  Company,  Sultepec,  Mexico. 

Silver  ores. 

27.  Dos  Cabezas  Mining  Co.,  The,  Moctezuma,  Sonora. 

Gold  and  silver  ores. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 

66 


28.  Dura  Mill  and  Mining  Co.,  La,  Alamos,  Sonora. 

Silver  ores. 

29.  Durazo,  Venancio,  Lampazos,  Nuevo  Le<5n. 

Silver  ores. 

30.  Flores,  Francisco,  Arizpe,  Sonora. 

Lead  and  silver  ores. 

31.  Flores,  Gabriel,  Sierra  Mojada,  Coahuila. 

Lead  and  stiver  ores. 

32.  Gal  van,  Serapio,  Guadalupe,  Zacatecas. 

Lead  and  silver  ores. 

33.  Garcfa,  Francisco  H.,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 

Silver  ores. 

34.  Garcfa,  Lucas  R.,  Lampazos,  Nuevo  Ledn. 

Silver  ores. 

35.  Garcfa,  Trinidad,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Silver  ore  collection. 

36.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Aguascalientes,  Aguascalientes. 

Copper  and  silver  ores. 

37.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Chihuahua,  Chihuahua. 

Copper,  lead,  and  silver  ores. 

38.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango. 

Mineral  ore  collection. 

39.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Guanajuato,  Guanajuato. 

Mineral  collection. 

40.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Mexico,  Toluca. 

Silver  ores. 

41.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Sinaloa,  Culiacan. 

Silver  ore  collection. 

42.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Zacatecas,  Zacatecas. 

Lead  and  silver  ores. 

43.  G6*mez,  Francisco,  Hidalgo  del  Parral,  Chihuahua. 

Silver  ores. 

44.  Gran  Fundicidn  Central  Mexicana  de  Aguascalientes, 
Aguascalientes. 

Copper  and  silver  ores. 

45.  Gregg,  W.,  Moctezuma,  Sonora. 

Copper  ores. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
67 


46.  Heniart,  Aurelio,  Charcas,  San  Luis  Potosf. 

Antimonial  ores. 

47.  Honey,  Ricardo,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Iron  ores. 

48.  Hoyos,  Antonio,  Moctezuma,  Sonora. 

Silver  ores. 

49.  Ibarra,  Jesus  I.,  Pinos,  Zacatecas. 

Silver  ores. 

50.  King,  J.  K.  M.,  Moctezuma,  Sonora. 

Silver  ores. 

51.  Lejeune,  Fernando,  Minillas,  Zacatecas. 

Lead  and  silver  ores. 

52.  Mafz,  Joaqufn,  Monterrey,  Nuevo  Ledn. 

Lead  and  silver  ores. 

53.  Martinez  Baca,  Eduardo,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Mineral  collection. 

54.  Mazapil    Copper    Company,    Concepcidn    del    Oro, 
Zacatecas. 

Silver  ores. 

55.  Mendoza,  Presbitero,  Guanajuato. 

Mineral  collection. 

56.  Mexican  Gold  and  Silver  Recovery  Co.,  The,  Her- 
mosillo,  Sonora. 

Gold  and  silver  ores. 

57.  Mezquital  Mining  Co.,  Mezquital  del  Oro,  Zacatecas. 

Gold  and  silver  ores. 

58.  Moctezuma  Copper  Co.,  The,  Lampazos,  Nuevo  Ledn. 

Silver  ores. 

59.  Moctezuma  Copper  Mine,  Moctezuma,  Sonora. 

Gold,  silver,  and  copper  ores. 

60.  Moreneau,  Francisco,  Altar,  Sonora. 

Silver  ores. 

61.  Mundz  de»la  Camara,  Enrique,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Mineral  collection. 

62.  Negociacidn  de  Candelaria  y  Anexas,  Pinos,  Zacatecas. 

Gold  and  silver  ores. 

63.  Negociacidn  de  Sauceda,  Zacatecas. 

Collection  of  silver  ores. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 

68 


64.  Negociacidn  Minera  del  Progreso.  Triunfo,  Baja  Cali- 
fornia. 

Gold  and  silver  ores. 

65.  Negociacidn  Minera  de  Santa  Marfa  de  Guadalupe, 
Guadalupe,  Zacatecas. 

Lead  and  silver  ores. 

66.  Negociacidn  Minera  Restauradora  Purisima  y  Anexas, 
Pinos,  Zacatecas. 

Quicksilver  ores. 

67.  Orinzky,  Leonardo,  Baja  California. 

Silver  ores. 

68.  Ortega,  Diego  L.,  Arizpe,  Sonora. 

Silver  ores. 

69.  Ortega,  Diego  M.,  Altar,  Sonora. 

Silver  ores.     * 

70.  Pedazini,  Juan,  Arizpe,  Sonora. 

Silver  ores. 

71.  Pereira,  Manuel,  Moctezuma,  Sonora. 

Silver  ores. 

72.  Pereira,  P.,  Lampazos,  Nuevo  Ledn. 

Silver  ores. 

73.  Robinson,  W.  H.  y  Socios,  Oaxaca. 

Lead  ores. 

74.  Rule,  Francisco,  Pachuca,  Hidalgo. 

Silver  ore  collection. 

75.  San   Carlos  Copper  Co.,  San   Josd   de  Tamaulipas, 
Tamaulipas. 

Copper  ore  collection. 

76.  Sanchez,  Domingo,  Cuernavaca,  Morelos. 

Silver  ores. 

77.  Santa  Rosalfa  Mining  Co.,  The,  Arizpe,  Sonora. 

Silver  ores. 

78.  Sellerier,  Carlos,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Metallic  ore  collection. 

79.  Smith,  J.  E.,  Moctezuma,  Sonora. 

Silver  ores. 

80.  Sombrerete  Mining  Co.,  Sombrerete,  Zacatecas. 

Metallic  ore  collection. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
69 


81.  Torres,  F.,  San  Luis  Potosf. 

Silver  ores. 

82.  Vallejo,  Loreto  M.,  Ahuacatlan,  Tepic. 

Silver  ores  and  photographs  of  Ceboruco  volcano. 


GROUP  LV 

Mining  Machinery,  Tools  and  Appliances 

Class  195        83.     Gran  Fundicidn   Central   de   Aguascalientes,   Aguas- 
calientes. 

Map  and  products  of  the  foundry. 


GROUP  LVIII 

Machinery ',  Tools  and  Appliances   Used 
in  Moving,  Delivering  and  Stor- 
ing Ores  and  Coal 

Class  201        84.     Companfa  de  Fundicidn  de  Fierro  y  Manufacturera  de 
Monterrey,  Nuevo  Ledn. 
Mining  cart. 


GROUP  LIX 

Ores  and  Metallic  Products 

Class  203        85.     Fundicidn  de  Sinaloa,  Mazatlan,  Sinaloa. 
Photographs  of  the  foundry. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index 

70 


GROUP  LX 

Non-metallic  Mineral  Products 

86.  Companfa  Mexicana  de  Cal   Hidraulica,  Cemento  y      Class  210 
Materiales  de  Construccidn,  S.  A.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Building  materials. 

87.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Morelos,  Cuernavaca. 

Limestone. 

88.  Municipalidad  de  Tepeji  del  Rio,  Atotonilco,  Hidalgo. 

Limestone. 

89.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Morelos,  Cuernavaca.  Class  212 

Clays. 

90.  Rosas,  Vicente,  Yautepec,  Morelos. 

Clays  and  kaolin. 

91.  Companfa  del  Real  del  Monte  y  Pachuca,  Pachuca,      Class  213 
Hidalgo. 

Salts. 

92.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango. 

Native  sulphur. 


GROUP  LXI 

Mineral  Combustibles 

93.  Companfa  Carbonffera  de  Fuente,  Fuente,  Coahuila.         Class  214 

Coal  specimens. 

94.  Companfa    de    Carb<5n   de    Coahuila   "El    Hondo" 
Sabinas,  Coahuila. 

Coal  specimens. 

95.  Dura  Mill  and  Mining  Co.,  La,  Hermosillo,  Sonora. 

Anthracite  and  natural  coke. 


GROUP  LXII 

Quarry  Products 

96.     Anaya,  Andres,  Monterrey,  Nuevo  Ledn.  Class  218 

Marbles. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
71 


97.  Municipalidad  de  Tepeji  del  Rio,  Atotonilco,  Hidalgo. 

Marbles. 

98.  Santa  Cruz  Francisco,  Colima. 

Marbles. 

Class  219       99.     Cardenas  Amador,  Jimulco,  Coahuila. 
Mexican  onyx. 

100.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango. 

Mexican  onyx. 

101.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Morelos,  Cuernavaca. 

Granite  limestone. 

102.  Oliman,  Manuel,  Puebla. 

Mexican  onyx. 

Class  220      103.     Ayuntamiento  de  C.  Guerrero,  Tamaulipas. 
Building  stone. 

104.  Companfa  del  Real  del  Monte  y  Pachuca,  Pachauca, 
Hidalgo. 

Building  stone. 

105.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango. 

Building  stone. 

1 06.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Guanajuato,  Guanajuato. 

Building  stone. 

107.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Mexico,  Toluca. 

Building  stone. 

1 08.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Morelos,  Cuernavaca. 

Building  stone. 

109.  Hacienda  de  Ibarrola,  Guanajuato. 

Building  stone. 

no.     Hacienda  de  Los  Otates,  Guanajuato. 
Building  stone. 

in.     Hacienda  de  San  Josd  de  la  Palma,  Guanajuato. 
Building  stone. 

112.  Rancho  de  San  Sebastian,  Coahuila. 

Building  stone. 

113.  Santa  Cruz  Francisco,  Colima. 

Building  stone. 


For  explanation  of  classification  sec  index. 
72 


GROUP  LXIII 

Literature  and  Statistics 

114.  Companfa  del  Real  del  Monte  y  Pachuca,  Pachuca,      Class  221 
Hidalgo. 

Photographic  mining  views  and  maps. 

115.  Companfa  Minera  del  Boleo,  Santa  Rosalfa,  Baja  Cali- 
fornia. 

Photographic  mining  and  foundry  views,  and  statis- 
tical mining  maps. 

116.  International  Mining  Co.,  Nieves,  Zacatecas. 

Photographic  mining  views. 

1 1 8.  Rule  Francisco,  Pachuca,  Hidalgo. 

Mining  maps. 

119.  Sellerier,  Carlos,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Data  referring  to  Mexican  mining. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
73 


DIVISION  X 

Electricity  and  Electric  Appliances 


Division  X 

Electricity  and  Electric 
Appliances 

(Chief,  Engineer  Juan  D.  Fleury) 
GROUP  LXXV 

Electric  Lighting 

1 .  Companfa  Mexicana  de  Electricidad  S.  A.,  Mexico,  D.  F.      Classes 

Photographs   of   different   installations    of    public      284-287 
lighting  in  the  City  of  Mexico. 

2.  Direccidn  General  de  Tetegrafos  Federales,  Me'xico,     Classes 
D.  F.  288-290 

Telegraph  accessories,  insolators,  tools,  regulations, 
and  various  publications. 

3.  Jaspeado,  Ruperto,  Texcoco,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Insolators. 


GROUP  LXXVI 

Telegraphy  and  Telephony 

Noriega  y  Ruiz,  Eloy,  Me'xico,  D.  F.  Class  291 

Telephones  and  microtelephones. 

Reyes,  L.,  San  Luis  Potosf, 
Telephone. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
77 


GROUP  LXXVII 

Machinery  and  Apparatus  for  Gene- 
rating and  Using  Electricity 

Class  206         6.     Companfa  de  San  Ildefonso,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Uiass  290  Photographs  of  installation  of  apparatus  employed 

for  the  transmission  of  electric  power. 
7.     Companfa   Eldctrica  6   Irrigadora   en   el  Estado  de 
Hidalgo,  S.  A.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Photographs  of  the  irrigation  works  and  for  the 
transmission  of  electic  power. 

Class  200          8.     Companfa  de  San  Ildefonso,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Photographs  of  the  electric  motors  employed  for 
the  motion  of  apparatus  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
cassimeres. 

9.     Companfa   Eldctrica   d    Irrigadora  en    el    Estado  de 
Hidalgo,  S.  A.,  Mdxico,  D.  F. 

Photographs  of  installations  for  electric  power 
transmission  to  run  the  water  pumps  in  the  mine  of 
"La  Dificultad"  of  Real  del  Monte,  Hidalgo,  and 
of  the  Mills  called  "Chilenos"  employed  in  the 
milling  of  mineral  in  the  "  Hacienda  de  Beneficio 
of  Guadalupe." 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
78 


DIVISION   XI 

Transportation 


TRANSPORTATION 


'RE AT  progress  has  been  attained 
in  Mexico  within  the  last  few  years 
in  the  various  branches  of  trans- 
portation. 

In  order  to  obtain  a  comprehensive  idea  of 
the  improvements  and  great  development  in  the 
Mexican  Postal  Service,  it  suffices  to  examine 
the  exhibit  which  the  Mexican  Post-Office  De- 
partment presents  at  the  Pan-American  Expo- 
sition, as  well  as  the  following  statement  with  the 
official  information  relating  to  the  subject : 

General  Mail  Traffic  from  1899  to  1900. 


CLASS 

INTERIOR 
SERVICE 

FOREIGN  SERVICE 

TOTAL 

Forward'd 

Received 

Amount 

Letters  and  business  cards  
Postal  cards  with   and  with- 

*8  ,089,133 

583,57* 
*  9.471  ,35* 
55'  ,3o8 
199,110 
810,841 

4,i34,7'6 

104  ,3*8 
3,4*4,7" 
162,764 

31,314 

141,817 

3,937,297 

124,640 
28,110,418 
380,414 
'34,243 
247,110 

8,072,013 

228,968 
*5>5J5.'4o 
543,178 

'55,457 
388,927 

36,161,146 

812,540 
95,008,492 
•,094,486 
354,577 
«,199,768 

Printed  matter  in  general  
Samples  without  value  
Parcel  post  packages  

Number  of  Post-Offices  up  to  June  joth,  1901. 

General  post  offices 539 

Branches 22 

Permanent  agencies i  ,3 1 5 

Traveling  agencies 96 

Length  of  postal  routes 91,048  kilometers. 

Distance  covered  in  the  year  1900 315377,487  " 


81 


Division   XI 
Transportation 

Railways,  Vehicles^  Vessels 
(Chief,  Engineer  Carlos  Sellerier) 

Vehicles 

GROUP  LXXXII 

Wheeled  Vehicles  for  Horse  Power 

.     Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Me'xico,  Toluca.  Class  328 

Silvered  and  embroidered  saddle. 

.     Leyarish,  Jose*,  Ledn,  Guanajuato. 
Saddles. 

.     Limdn,  Raimundo,  Tulancingo,  Hidalgo. 
Embroidered  saddle. 

.     Vent,  Andre's,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 
Mail  coach  model. 


GROUP  LXXXVII 

History  and  Literature 

Administracidn  General  de  Correos,  Me'xico,  D.  F.  Class  352 

Laws,  statistics,  scales,  books,  postal  conventions, 
models,  etc. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
83 


DIVISION  XII 

Ordnance  and  Munitions  of  War 


Division   XII 

Ordnance   and   Munitions 
of  War 

(Chief,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Enrique  Mondragdn) 
GROUP  LXXXVIII 

Ordnance 

1.  Fabrica  National  de  Pdlvora,  Mexico,  D.  F.  Class  355 

Samples  of  modern  explosives. 

2.  Mondragdn,  Teniente  Coronel  Enrique,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Double  effect  fuses. 


GROUP  XCIV 

History   and  Literature 

3.     Mondragdn,  Teniente  Coronel  Enrique,  Mexico,  D.  F.      Class  379 
Synthetic  and  analytic  report  of  modern  explosives. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
87 


DIVISION  XIII 

Manufactures 


Front  View  of  Manufactures  Exhibit 

Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building 
Mexico  at  the  Pan-American  Exposition 


MANUFACTURES 


her  participation  in  pre- 
vious International  Expositions,  the 
Republic  of  Mexico  has  already  won 
the  reputation,  which  in  justice  be- 
longs to  her,  of  having  inexhaustable  natural 
resources,  and  of  being  capable  of  offering,  as  a 
producer  of  the  most  varied  raw  materials,  ex- 
tensive fields  for  the  investment  of  European  or 
North  American  capital. 

Ten  years  ago  the  Republic  entered  upon 
an  era  of  industrial  prosperity,  owing  principally 
to  the  permanent  peace  that  the  country  has  en- 
joyed ;  to  the  numerous  railroad  lines  that  traverse 
the  entire  territory ;  to  the  tremendous  crisis  of  the 
depreciation  of  silver ;  to  franchises  and  exemption 
from  taxes  for  capital  invested  in  new  industries ; 
and,  finally,  to  liberal  concessions  granted  by  the 
Government  for  the  utilization  of  public  waters  as 
a  motive  power.  The  economical  phenomenon  of 
the  depreciation  of  silver  has  been  the  principal 
and  demonstrative  factor  of  her  industrial  develop- 
ment. 

Mexico  has  to-day  large  factories  for  the 
manufacture  of  cotton  fabrics,  in  which  are  util- 
ized the  excellent  raw  materials  that  are  grown  in 
the  country,  though  the  production  is  yet  very 
far  from  being  sufficient  for  the  consumption. 

The  national  production  of  wool  manufac- 
tures is  still  very  small,  notwithstanding  that 
there  are  several  modern  factories  in  the  country 


for  the  manufacture  of  woolen  goods  of  a  superior 
quality,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  samples  in  the 
Mexican  exhibit. 

The  silk  industry  is  being  placed  on  a  very 
solid  basis,  and  manufactured  articles  from  Mex- 
ican silks  can  be  seen  on  exhibition. 

The  jute  industry  in  manufactured  products 
is  gaining  more  importance  every  day.  Nearly 
2,000,000  Mexican  dollars  worth  of  jute  goods 
were  exported  last  year,  such  as  cordage,  ropes, 
sacks,  etc.  Exports  of  leaf  jute,  as  raw  material, 
reached  the  sum  of  $53,000,000. 

Leaf  "  ixtle  "  exports  amounted  to  $3,000,000. 

The  first  large  steel  plant  in  the  country  is 
being  constructed  for  the  manufacture  of  knives, 
needles,  scissors,  etc.,  with  a  capital  subscribed 
principally  by  Mexicans. 

Ceramic  goods  that  are  on  exhibition  in  the 
Division  of  Manufactures  are  demonstrative  of  the 
artistic  progress  attained  by  Mexico  in  that  line. 

Really  interesting,  curious,  original,  and 
worthy  of  attention  is  the  exhibition  of  fine  and 
delicate  works  performed  by  Mexican  ladies, 
who  compete  among  themselves  to  exhibit  works 
of  refined  a.nd  artistic  taste  in  each  new  expo- 
sition that  is  held. 


Division   XIII 
Manufactures 

(Chief,  Engineer  Carlos  Sellerier) 
GROUP  XCV 

Chemicals  and  Drugs 

1.  Aleman,  Fernando,  Morelia,  Michoacan.  Class  380 

"  Fosfolina  Aleman." 

2.  Basallo,  Vicente,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

"  La  Samaritan  a  "  plaster. 

3.  Bustillos,  Jose*  K,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Chemical  and  pharmaceutical  products. 

4.  Carrasco,  Vicente,  Otumba,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Balsamic  syrup. 

5.  Cazares,  N.,  Otumba,  Me'xico. 

Balsamic  agave  syrup. 

6.  Comisidn  de  Parasitologfa,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Chemical  preparation. 

7.  Corvera  y  Corona,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

"  Clermont  injection." 

8.  Elle,  Paul,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

"  Elle's  "  Indian  rheumatism  cure. 

9.  Espinosa,  Fdix  M.,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Medicinal  products. 

10.  Lasso  de  la  Vega,  J.  M.,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Febrifuge. 

11.  Rosado,  Desiderio,  G..  Comalcalco,  Tabasco. 

Medicinal  products. 

[2.     Solfs,  Darfo  J.,  Otumba,  Me'xico. 
Typhus  fever  specific. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 

93 


GROUP  XCVII 


Class  388 
Class  389 


Soaps,  Essences  and  Perfumery, 
Toilet   Articles 


Class  387        13.     Moebius,  Guido,  Monterrey,  Nuevo  Ledn. 
Soaps. 

14.     Moebius,  Guido,  Monterrey,  Nuevo  Ledn. 
Perfumes. 


15.     Aizpuru,  Alberto,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

"  Championnere  elixir."     "  Dr.  U.  Pazot's  "  tooth 
powder. 

1  6.     Avila,  Anselmo,  6  Hijo,  Mexico,  D.  F. 
"  Aliva"  paste  and  tooth  powder. 

17.     Penitenciarfa  del  Estado  de  Nuevo  Ledn,  Monterrey. 
Comb. 


GROUP  XCVIII 


Traveling,  Camping,  and  Sporting 
Apparatus 


Class  391        1  8.     Leyarish,  Jose',  Ledn,  Guanajuato. 
Leather  goods. 


GROUP  XCIX 

Furniture  and  Interior  Decorations 

Class  394        19.     Ayuntamiento  de  Tequixquiapan,  Quere'taro. 
Birch  furniture. 

20.  Mestas,  Anastasio,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Brass  beds. 

21.  Navarro,  Juan,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Brass  bed. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
94 


1  I 


e    < 

"    C 


22.     Salas  Herrero,  Ismail,  San  Luis  Potosf. 
Wooden  furniture. 


-3- 


Von  Gehren,  Edmundo,  Zacatecas. 
Birch  furniture. 


24.  Zavala,  Francisco,  Puebla. 

Children's  chairs. 

25.  Tolsa,  Manuel  C,  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  D.  F. 

Mexican  onyx  goods. 


Class  395 


GROUP  C 

Carvings  and  Art  Metal  Work 

26.     Carandente,  Tartaglio  T.,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 
Bronze  statue. 


-7- 


Class  400 


Junta  Local  de  Puebla,  Puebla. 
Bust  in  bronze. 


GROUP  CI 

Ceramics  and  Allied  Products 

28.  Guiard,  Enrique,  Zirisfcuaro,  Michoacan. 

Ceramic  goods. 

29.  Ibarra,  Felipe,  Me'rida,  Yucatan. 

Tiles. 


Class  402 
Class  404 


GROUP  CII 

Glass  and  Glass  Ware 

30.     Coeto,  Manuel,  Puebla. 
Colored  glass. 

For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 

95 


Class  405 


GROUP  CIV 

Heating,    Cooking,  and  flashing  Ap- 
paratus and  Kitchen  Appliances 

Class  412       31.     Hoick,  C.,  y  Companfa,  Monterrey,  Nuevo  Le6n. 
Matches. 

32.     Moebius,  Guido,  Monterrey,  Nuevo  Ledn. 
Matches,  stearine  candles. 

GROUP  CVIII 

Jute,  Ramie,  and  other   Vegetable  and 
Mineral  Fabrics.     Fabrics  of  Glass 

Class  427        33-     Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Yucatan,  MeVida. 
Sisal  hemp  hammock. 

34.  Industrial,  La  Sociedad  Andnima,  MeVida,  Yucatan. 

Jarcia  manufactures,  hemp  balls,  hemp  ropes,  ham- 
mock and  hemp  thread. 

35.  Ramfrez,  Jose"  G.,  Villa  Alta,  Oaxaca. 

Pita  hammock. 

Class  429       36.     Nieto,  Jose*  de  Jesus,  6  Hijo,  Puebla. 

Samples  of  gold  and  silver  trimmings. 

37.     "  Santa  Gertrudis,"  Companfa  Limitada  Manufacturera 
de  Yute,  Orizaba,  Veracruz. 
Samples  of  jute  goods. 


GROUP  CXI 

Woolens,  Cottons,   Linens,  Silks,  Furs, 

and  Millinery.      Toys  and  Barbers1 

Supplies 

Class  441        38.     Barragan,  Sebastian,  Santa  Ana  Chiautempan,  Tlax- 
cala. 

Woolen  zarapes  made  in  old  style  hand  looms. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
96 


39-      Concordia,  La,  Fabrica,  Chihuahua. 
Blankets,  cassimeres. 

40.  Cornu,  Pedro,  Aguascalientes. 

Cassimeres. 

41.  Garcfa,  Martin,  Tulancingo,  Hidalgo. 

Woolen  and  cotton  goods. 

42.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango. 

Cassimeres. 

43.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Zacatecas,  Zacatecas. 

Woolen  zarapes. 

44.  Gonzalez,  Eusebio,  Guanajuato. 

Cassimeres. 

45.  Juambelz  Sucesores,  Mapimf,  Durango. 

Woolen  zarapcs,  cassimeres. 

46.  Le<5n,  Juan,  Texcoco,  Mexico. 

Cassimere. 

47.  Maiz  Hermanos,  Monterrey,  Nuevo  Ledn. 

Hats. 

48.  Reyes  Durdn,  Manuel,  Aguascalientes. 

Cassimeres,  blankets,  and  woolen  goods. 

49.  "  San  Idelfonso,"  Fabrica  de  Tejidos  de  Lana,  Sociedad 
Andnima,  Tlanepantla,  Mexico. 

Woolen  goods. 

50.  Suarez,  Eduardo,  Texcoco,  Mexico. 

Woolen  zarapes. 

51.  Zolly  Hermanos,  Sucesores,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Hats. 

52.  Bueno  Barroso  Arias,  L.,  Tajimaroa,  Michoacan.  Class  442 

Unbleached  cotton. 

53.  Companfa  Industrial  de  Orizaba,  Veracruz. 

Thread,  cotton  goods. 

54.  Garcfa,  Martfn,  Tulancingo,  Hidalgo. 

Printed  cotton  goods. 

55.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Zacatecas,  Zacatecas. 

Mexican  shawls  (rebozos). 

56.  Guerrero,  &  Hijos,  Ignacio,  San  Lufs,  San  Lufs  Potosf. 

Mexican  shawls  (rebozos}. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
97 


57.  Ollivier,  D.,  y  Companfa,   Fabricas  de  Rio   Hondo, 
Tlanepantla,  Me'xico. 

Percale  handkerchiefs,  stamped  percale. 

58.  Pliego  Hermanos,  Toluca,  Mexico. 

Cotton  fabrics. 

59.  Rivero  Sucesores,  Valentfn,  Monterrey,  Nuevo  Ledn. 

Cotton  goods. 

60.  "  Saint  Manuel   River    Fall,"   Fabrica,   San   Manuel, 
Tlaxcala. 

Cotton  goods. 

6 1.  Santos,  Rafael,  Zacatlan,  Puebla. 

Mexican  shawls  (rebozos). 

62.  Zorrilla,  J.,  y  Companfa,  Oaxaca. 

Cotton  fabric. 

Class  444        63.     Chambon,  Hipdlito,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Samples   of   Mexican   silks,    Mexican  silk  shawls 
(re  bozos}. 

64.  Jaspeado,  Ruperto,  Texcoco,  Me'xico. 

Silk  fabric. 

65.  Ollivier,  D.,  y  Companfa,  Tlanepantla,  Me'xico. 

Silk  handkerchiefs. 

66.  Vazquez,  M<5nica,  Valle  de  Bravo,  Me'xico. 

Skein  of  silk. 

Class  445        67.     Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Durango,  Durango. 
Carpets. 

68.  "San    Ildelfonso,"    Fabrica    de    Tejidos    de    Lana, 
Sociedad  Andnima,  Tlanepantla,  Me'xico. 

Carpets  and  mats. 

69.  Stiker  y  Hermanos,  Valentfn,  Aguascalientes. 

Carpets. 

Class  447        70.     Aboitis,  Manuel,  Salamanca,  Guanajuato. 
Gloves. 

71.  Avile's,  Manuel,  Salamanca,  Guanajuato. 

Gloves. 

72.  Castanos,  Guadalupe,  Mazatlan,  Sinaloa. 

Embroidered  child's  dress. 

73.  Jacques,  S.  &  J.,  Celaya,  Guanajuato. 

Undershirts. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
98 


t:    —  1 

a  c 

3 


s:    U. 
.      -~ 


74-     Paz,  La,  Gran  Fabrica  de  Ropa,  Sociedad  Andmina, 
Chihuahua. 

Charro  dress,  riding  trousers,  canvas  trousers. 

75.  Rivero,  Sucesores,  Valentfn,  Monterrery,  Nuevo  Leon.     Class  448 

Knit  goods. 

76.  Marnat,  Paul,  Me'xico,  D.  F.  Class  449 

Cuffs,  collars,  and  shirts  for  men. 

77.  Paz,  La,  Gran  Fabrica  de  Ropa,  Sociedad  Andnima, 
Chihuahua. 

Men's  shirts. 

78.  Penitenciarfa  del  Estado  de  Nuevo  Ledn,  Monterrey. 

Collars. 

79.  Aguilar,  Angela,  Pachuca,  Hidalgo.  Class  450 

Embroidered  screen. 

80.  Ariza,  A.,  Teoloyucan,  Me'xico. 

Cushion. 

81.  Barragan,  Marfa,  Zacatecas. 

Embroidered  handkerchief. 

82.  Burgos,  Seftoritas,  Quere'taro. 

Embroidered  handkerchiefs. 

83.  Carrillo,  Francisca,  Guanajuato. 

Embroidered  handkerchiefs,  cushion  cover. 

84.  Colegio  de  Santa  Teresa,  Toluca,  Me'xico. 

Embroidered  work. 

85.  Charles,  Herminia,  Saltillo,  Coahuila. 

Drawn  linen  work. 

86.  Domfnguez,  Sinforiano,  Comitan,  Chiapas. 

Cotton  bed  cover. 

87.  Fernandez,  Juana,  Zacatecas. 

Silk  foot  cover. 

88.  Fleury,  Enriqueta  E.  de,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Silk  embroideries. 

89.  Galvan  de  Lostres,  Josefa,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Corsets. 

90.  Garcfa,  Marfa,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Embroidered  screen. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
99 


91.  Garza,  Viuda  de  Caso,  Juana  de  la,  Ciudad  Guerrero, 
Tamaulipas. 

Counterpane. 

92.  Garza,  Lorenza  de  la,  Ciudad  Victoria,  Tamaulipas. 

Embroidered  silk  quilt. 

93.  Gdmez,  Rita,  Colima. 

Napkin. 

94.  Hinojosa,  Josefina,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Embroidered  screen. 

95.  Hug,  Rodolfo,  Le<5n,  Guanajuato. 

Drawn  linen  work. 

96.  Hurtado,  Marfa,  Zacatecas. 

Embroidered  foot  cover. 

97.  Isla,  Aurelia,  Zacatecas. 

Embroidered  handkerchief. 

98.  Journel,  Marfa,  Zacatecas. 

Bureau  cover. 

99.  Junta  de  Senoras,  Cuemavaca,  Morelos. 

Pillow-case,  embroidered  quilt. 

100.  Junta  Local  de  Puebla,  Puebla. 

Small  embroidered  hat. 

101.  "La  Paz,"  Gran  Fabrica  de  Ropa,  Sociedad  Andnima, 
Chihuahua. 

Padded  counterpane. 

102.  Lidn,  Eugenia,  Aguascalientes. 

Drawn  linen  work. 

103.  Lopez,  Felipa,  Mocorito,  Sinaloa. 

Cushion  cover. 

104.  Lucarra,  Emilia,  Hermosillo,  Sonora. 

Drawn  linen  work. 

105.  Llerena,  Tecla,  Colima. 

Napkin. 

1 06.  Morentfn,  Paula,  Colima. 

Napkin. 

107.  Morgado,  Marfa,  Zacatecas. 

Sachet. 

1 08.  Nuncio,  Gertrudis,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Embroidered  screen,  drawn  linen  work. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
100 


109.     Nuncio,  Otilia,  Mexico,  D.  F. 
Drawn  linen  work. 

no.     Ontiveros,  Piedad,  Guanajuato. 

Lace  table  cloth.  * 

in.     Penitenciarfa  del  Estado  de  Nuevo  Ledn,  Monterrey. 
Baskets,  purses. 

112.  Ramos,  Concepcidn,  Oaxaca. 

Embroidered  cushion. 

113.  Reyes,  Carmen,  Puebla. 

Silk  embroidery. 

114.  Robledo,  Eulalia,  Mocorito,  Sinaloa, 

Embroidered  cushion,  hook-weaved  napkin. 

115.  Sanchez,  Carmen,  Tuxtla  Gutierrez,  Chiapas. 

Weaving  hook. 

1 1 6.  Silva  de  GuitieVrez,  Otilia,  Aguascalientes. 

Drawn  linen  work. 

117.  Villada  de  la  Pefta,  Guadalupe,  Toluca,  Mexico. 

Embroidery. 

1 1 8.  Ramos,  Evaristo,  Morelia,  Michoacan. 

Shoes. 

119.  Zenizo,  Cristobal,  Puebla. 

Shoes. 


GROUP  CXIV 

Scales^    JFeiAfSj  and  Measures 


120.  Acosta,  Simdn,  Tulancingo,  Hidalgo.  Class  462 

Scale. 

121.  Guevara,  Petronilo,  Guanajuato. 

Scale.  ' 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
IOI 


GROUP  CXVII 

Miscellaneous   Articles 

Class  474      122.     Elle,  Ptul,  Mexico,  D.  F. 
Tailor's  division  square. 

123.     Rivera,  Mauricio,  Mexico,  D.  F. 
Shoe  lasts. 


GROUP  CXVII— A 

Cigars  and  Cigarettes 

Cigars  and  cigarettes  were  omitted  from  the  official  classification,  and 
grouping  and  classification  [Group  CXVII— A  and  Class  474— A]  are  merely 
for  convenience  of  reference. 

Class  124.     Alarcdn,  Filiberto,  Huazalingo,  Hidalgo. 

474 — A  Cigars. 

125.  Arriaga,  Joaqufn,  Morelia,  Michoacdn. 

Cigarettes. 

126.  Balsa  Hermanos,  Veracruz. 

Cigars. 

127.  Casas,  D.,  San  Juan  Bautista,  Tabasco. 

Cigars. 

128.  Companfa  Cigarrera  Mexicana,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Cigars  and  cigarettes. 

129.  Deli  us  y  Companfa,  Ixtapa  Concepcidn,  Tepic. 

Cigars. 

130.  Evfa,  Jose  Marfa,  Campeche. 

Cigarettes. 

131.  Fletes,  Amado,  Tepic. 

Cigars. 

132.  Garcfa,  Este'ban,  Colima. 

Cigars. 

133.  Gonzalez  Hermanos,  San  Juan  Bautista,  Tabasco. 

Cigars. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  inde 
I O2 


8  ^ 

d  C 


a  P 

•T  c 


134-     Gonzalez  Villasenor  y  Companfa,  Tepic. 
Cigars. 

135.  Grajales,  Gregorio,  Merida,  Yucatan. 

Cigars  and  cigarettes. 

136.  Lanzagorta,  Hermanos,  San  Bias,  Tepic. 

Cigars. 

137.  Madrazo  y  Corrales,  Veracruz. 

Cigars. 

138.  Moreno,  Rdmulo,  Valle  de  Santiago,  Guanajuato. 

Cigarettes. 

139.  Morffn,  Antonio,  Aguascalientes. 

Cigars  and  cigarettes. 

140.  PeVez  Reguera,  Luis,  Oaxaca. 

Cigarettes. 

141.  Robles,  Francisco,  Colima. 

Cigars. 

142.  Rodriguez  Samano,  Francisco,  Morelia,  Michoacan, 

Cigarettes. 

143.  Vazquez,  Cipriano,  Mazatlan,  Sinaloa. 

Cigars. 

144.  Villa  Hermanos,  Sucesores,  Orizaba,  Veracruz. 

Cigarettes. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index 
103 


DIVISION   XIV 

Graphic  Arts 


Division  XIV 

Graphic  Arts 

(Chief,  Maximiliano  M.  Chabert) 
GROUP  CXVIII 

Materials  for  Printing,  Engraving,  and 
Bookbinding 

i.     Municipalidad  de  Tepe*ji  del  Rfo,  Atotonilco,  Hidalgo.      Class  481 
Lithographic  stone. 


GROUP  CXX 

Results  in  Printing,  Engraving,  and 
Bookbinding 

2.  Aguirre,  Eduardo,  Guanajuato.  Class  496 

Specimens  of  typographic  work. 

3.  Comisidn  Geografico  Exploradora,  Xalapa,  Veracruz.      Class  497 

Lithographic  maps. 

4.  Iguinis,  Jose*  M.,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Samples  of  lithographs. 

5.  Sandoval,  Rosendo,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Lithography  in  colors. 

6.  Aguirre,  Eduardo,  Guanajuato.  Class  498 

Specimens  of  photo-engraving. 

7.  Ancira  y  Hermano,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco.  Class  500 

Samples  of  typography. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
107 


8.     Tipograffa  de  la  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Mexico,  D.  F. 
Samples  of  printed  works. 

Class  501          9.     Kaiser,  Juan,  San  Luis  Potosf. 

Binding  samples. 

10.     Pe'rez  y  Navarro,  Mexico,  D.  F. 
Binding  samples. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
IDS 


DIVISION   XV 

Liberal  Arts 


LIBERAL      ARTS 


MONG  the  exhibits  in  the  Division  of 
Liberal  Arts,  the  most  important 
ones  are  the  official  exhibits  of  the 
Mexican  Government,  because  they 
are  illustrative  of  all  the  branches  of  public  in- 
struction in  Mexico,  from  primary  schools  up  to 
the  most  scientific  institutions  devoted  to  special 
courses  of  studies,  comprising  also  several  exhibits 
from  some  of  the  executive  departments  of  the 
Mexican  Government. 

The  development  that  has  been  attained  in 
Mexico,  due  to  the  efforts  of  that  progressive  and 
patriotic  statesman,  General  Porfirio  Diaz,  is  not 
confined  to  her  material  progress  alone,  but  it 
takes  in  the  intellectual  development  as  well. 

Although  much  of  the  Government's  atten- 
tion has  been  directed  towards  obviating  the  diffi- 
culties encountered  in  extending  the  railroad 
system  throughout  Mexico,  granting  full  franchises 
for  the  development  of  her  industries,  and  doing 
everything  possible  for  the  promotion  of  com- 
merce, nevertheless,  the  important  obligation  of 
educating  the  people  has  not  been  forgotten,  by 
the  establishment  of  schools  even  in  the  most 
remote  places  of  the  country. 

By  the  initiative  of  the  president  of  the 
Republic,  the  National  Congress  approved  a 
law  June  3d,  1896,  making  primary  instruction 
compulsory,  gratuitous,  and  non-sectarian  for 
children  of  both  sexes  between  the  ages  of  six 


and  twelve.  Higher,  as  well  as  professional, 
instruction  is  voluntary,  all  of  them  being  sup- 
ported by  the  government. 

The  latest  official  statistics  for  1899,  show 
that  there  were  at  that  time  1 1,925  public  schools 
in  the  Republic,  not  including  those  of  any  of 
the  states  which  unfortunately  could  not  send  in 
their  reports  on  time. 

Eight  scientific  institutions  of  those  that  are 
supported  by  the  federal  government,  are  repre- 
sented in  this  division,  and,  in  addition,  three  of  a 
private  character. 

As  the  catalogue  for  this  division  contains 
detailed  information  concerning  the  organization, 
work,  and  results  obtained  by  the  former,  we  do 
not  deem  it  necessary  to  enter  here  into  further 
explanation  regarding  them.  However,  it  is 
essential  to  note,  that  the  Commission  on  Parasi- 
tology,  which  is  also  represented  in  this  division, 
is  of  very  recent  organization  and  its  contingent 
is,  therefore,  not  so  varied  and  extensive  as  those 
of  other  institutions. 

This  commission  was  organized  in  1900, 
with  a  view  to  studying  the  plagues  that  are  so 
injurious  to  agriculture,  and  has  not  had  sufficient 
time  to  prepare  its  extensive  exhibit  for  this  first 
exposition  in  which  it  takes  part. 

An  interesting  collection  of  photographs  is 
exhibited  by  the  management  of  the  mint  at  the 
City  of  Mexico  of  its  different  workshops,  where 
the  most  modern  and  perfected  machinery  is 
employed  in  coining  money. 

Scientific  and    literary    societies    have   con- 


tributed  much  towards  the  intellectual  develop- 
ment of  the  country.  Although  there  are  forty 
different  societies  of  this  kind  in  the  Republic, 
each  one  of  them  with  a  well  selected  library  on 
matters  pertaining  to  that  particular  branch  of 
study  to  which  they  are  devoted,  only  three  of 
them,  however,  are  represented  at  this  exposition. 

The  Bureau  of  Statistics  is  charged  with  the 
duty  of  collecting  and  publishing  in  various 
volumes  each  year  the  statistics  of  the  Republic, 
so  that  the  public  may  be  kept  well  informed. 
As  very  important  information  is  found  in  the 
publications  of  this  Bureau  it  would  be  well  to 
quote  here  some  of  the  statistics  collected : 

According  to  the  census  of  1900,  the  Re- 
public has  13,545,462  inhabitants,  against  12,632,- 
427  in  1895;  that  is  to  say,  that  there  has  been 
an  increase  of  913,035  inhabitants. 

In  1898  there  were  in  Mexico  489,933  births, 
61,674  marriages,  and  452,292  deaths. 

There  are  eighteen  banks  in  the  country, 
one  hundred  and  eighteen  factories  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  cotton  fabrics,  whose  sales  amounted 
to  $29,753,414.11,  employing  some  21,960  work- 
men, 2,21 1  distilleries,  seven  hundred  and  twenty- 
one  tobacco  factories  and  seventy-two  breweries. 

Mexico  City  alone  consumed  99,756  head  of 
cattle,  130,736  sheep,  and  73,42?  n°gs-  Tne 
states  consumed  764,935  head  of  cattle,  790,148 
sheep,  617,124  goats,  and  659,334  hogs. 

The  amount  of  imports  was  $56,189,634, 
against  $  1 34,900, 1 1 3  of  exports,  with  a  difference 
of  $78,710,539  in  favor  of  the  exports. 

"3 


There  are  14,859  kilometers  of  railroad  lines, 
telegraphs  cover  a  distance  of  68,548  kilometers, 
and  there  are  30,328  kilometers  of  telephone 
lines. 

Real  estate  property  is  valued  at  $350,523,- 
739.42  and  other  property  at  #423,947,748.62, 
making  a  total  of  $774,471,488.04. 

There  are  thirty-three  museums  in  the  Re- 
public, one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  public  li- 
braries, and  seven  hundred  and  two  newspapers. 

The  mint  of  Mexico  employed  $19,617,- 
582.58  worth  of  metals. 

The  exportation  of  metals  reached  the  sum 
of  $20,910,693. 

Regarding  the  army  and  navy,  we  would  say, 
that  up  to  December,  1899,  there  were  eight 
major  generals,  fifty-three  brigadier  generals, 
nine  hundred  and  forty-four  majors,  2,481  subor- 
dinate officers,  and  27,247  troopers. 

The  Mexican  government  pays  a  great  deal 
of  attention  to  public  hygiene.  Through  the 
Board  of  Public  Health,  methods  of  sanitation 
are  rigidly  enforced  throughout  the  whole  coun- 
try, and  any  new  methods  suggested  by  either 
natives  or  foreigners  are  carefully  studied,  and, 
when  found  advantageous,  are  carried  into  prac- 
tice. 

In  order  to  be  kept  well  informed  of  the 
scientific  advancement  that  may  be  made  in  this 
line,  the  above  named  institutions  are  always  in 
close  touch  with  those  of  similar  character  in 
foreign  countries,  and  the  government  sends 
abroad  to  the  International  Congresses  the  most 


114 


competent  men  that  can  be  procured  in  the 
country  on  matters  pertaining  to  the  particular 
subject  which  is  to  be  discussed,  whether  it  be 
scientific,  artistic,  or  commercial. 

The  sewerage  system  in  Mexico  was  formerly 
very  antique,  bad,  and  dangerous,  but  the  Board 
of  Health  of  Mexico,  having  in  mind  the  local 
necessities,  changed  that  system  for  a  better  one 
which  is  practical  and  complete,  according  to  the 
latest  improvements  in  the  sewerage  systems  of 
European  and  American  cities. 

The  City  Council  is  also  paving  the  streets, 
some  of  which  are  with  asphalt,  in  the  same  style 
as  the  streets  of  Buffalo,  and  is  making  the 
sidewalks  of  Roman  cement. 

More  detailed  information  relative  to  the 
leading  official  exhibits  that  are  classified  in  this 
division  is  published  in  the  appendix. 


Division  XV 
Liberal  Arts 

(Chief,  Maximiliano  M.  Chabert) 
GROUP  CXXII 

Education 

1.  Escuela  Normal  para  Profesoras,  Mexico,  D.  F.  Class  507 

Pupils'  work,  embroidery. 

2.  Escuela  Normal  para  Profesoras,  Oaxaca. 

Pupils'  work,  embroidery. 

3.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Jalisco,  Guadalajara. 

Map  of  the  Public  Instruction  of  the  State  of  Jalisco. 

4.  Secretarfa  de  Justicia  i  Instruction  Publica,  Mexico, 
D.  F. 

I/egislation  and  organization  of  the  public  education 
dependent  upon  the  Federal  Government. 
Pupils'  work. 
Text  books.1 

5.  Asociacidn  de  Ingenieros  y  Arquitectos,  Mexico,  D.  F.      Class  508 

Scientific  publications  of  the  Association. 

6.  Comisi6n   Geografico   Exploradora   de   la  Repiiblica 
Mexicana,  Xalapa,  Veracruz. 

Collection  of  scientific,  astronomical,  topographical, 
and  natural  history  works  of  the  United  States  of 
Mexico.2 

7.  Comisidn  de  Parasitologfa,  Mdxico,  D.  F. 

Collection  of  dangerous  insects  to  fruits  and  to  tree 
fruits.  Photographs  of  some  of  its  works. 

8.  Departamento  de  Pesas  y  Medidas  de  la  Repiiblica 
Mexicana. 

Publications.3 

1  See  Note  I  in  appendix, 
a  See  Note  II  in  appendix. 
3  See  Note  III  in  appendix. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
"7 


9-     Escuela  Normal  de  Veracruz,  Xalapa,  Veracruz. 
Collection  of  fibers  classified  by  the  students. 

10.  Institute  Geoldgico  de  Me'xico,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Geological  cut  from  Acapulco  to  Veracruz. 

Album  of  maps  of  bed  opals,  onyx  seam,  volcanoes, 

etc.,  of  the  United  States  of  Mexico. 

Scientific  publications. 

Collection  of  rocks,  minerals,  and  marbles  of  the 

United  States  of  Mexico.4 

11.  Institute  Mddico  Nacional,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Herbarium  of  medicinal  plants. 

Medicinal  plants  presented  in  commercial  form. 

Active  substances  extracted  from  the  plants. 

Medicines  prepared  in  the  Institute. 

Scientific  publications  relative  to  the  Institute's  work, 

and  reproductions  of  rare  works  on  medicine.8 

12.  Observatorio  Astrondmico   de    Tacubaya,  Tacubaya, 
D.  F. 

Scientific  publications  relative  to  its  work.8 

13.  Observatorio  Meteoroldgico  Central,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Scientific  publications  relative  to  its  work.7 

14.  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Collective  exhibition  of  the  works  of  scientific  insti- 
tutes under  the  control  of  said  department. 

15.  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Collection  of  publications  by  Mexican  authors 
printed  free  by  said  Department  of  Public  Promotion 
(Secretaria  de  Fomento)  in  order  to  promote  the 
intellectual  development  of  the  country.8 

1 6.  Sociedad  Farmace'utica  Mexicana,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

"La  Farmacia,"  a  scientific  review. 

17.  Sociedad  Mexicana  de  Historia  Natural,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

A  scientific  review. 

Class  509        1 8.     Escuela  Nacional  de  Bellas  Artes,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Crayon  drawings  and  oil  painting  made  by  the 
pupils,  photographs  of  the  different  departments  of 
the  school. 

See  Note  IV  in  appendix. 
See  Note  V  in  appendix. 
See  Note  VI  in  appendix. 
See  Note  VII  in  appendix. 
See  Note  VI 1 1  in  appendix. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 

118 


1 9.  Secretarfa  de  Justicia  e  Instruccidn  Publica,  Mexico, 
D.  F. 

Works  and  photographs  of  the  Fine  Arts  School. 

20.  Escuela  Nacional  de  Ciegos,  Me'xico,  D.  F.  Class  512 

Different   weaving   work,  lace   trimming   samples, 
binding  typography,  made  by  pupils. 
Picture  of  the  classes  and  factories. 


GROUP  CXXIII 

Books 

21.  Alvarado,  Ignacio,  San  Luis  Potosf.  Class  513 

'•  Estudios  clfnicos  de  la  fiebre  amarilla  en  Vera- 
cruz," a  scientific  book  on  medicine. 

22.  Anguiano,  Angel,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Text  books. 

23.  Aguilar,  Jose*,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Book. 

24.  Biblioteca  de  la  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Small   library  showing   the   decimal    classification 
adopted  in  the  library  of  said  department.9 

25.  Ceballos  Dosamantes,  Jesiis,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Scientific  books. 

26.  Chambon,  Hip<51ito,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

"  El  Progreso  de  Me'xico,"  an  agricultural  review. 

27.  Chavero,  Alfredo,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Book,  "Codice  Borgiano." 

28.  Chism,  Richard  E.,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

"El  Minero  Mexicano,"  a  mining  review. 

29.  Collado,  Salvador,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

"El    Puente  de  Arcediano,"  a  scientific  work   on 
bridge  construction. 

30.  Contreras,  Manuel  Marfa,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Text  books. 

31.  Correa,  Alberto,  San  Juan  Bautista,  Tabasco. 

"  El  Estado  de  Tabasco,"  statistical  and  descriptive 
work. 

»  See  Note  IX  in  appendix. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
119 


32.  Correa  Zapata,  Dolores,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Literary  works. 

33.  Crespo  y  Martinez,  Gilberto,  Mexican  Consul,  Habana, 
Cuba. 

Literary  and  scientific  essays. 

34.  Direcci<5n   General   de    Estadfstica   de   la    Repiiblica 
Mexicana,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Statistical  publications. 

Statistical  and  synoptical  chart  of  the  United  States 

of  Mexico.10 

35.  Elle,  Paul,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

"  El  Cortador,"  book  on  tailoring. 
Squares  and  models  for  tailors. 

36.  Escobar,  Rdmulo,  Ciudad  Juarez,  Chihuahua. 

"El  Agricultor  Mexicano,"  "El  Hogar,"  journals. 

37.  Esquivel  y  Companfa,  San  Luis  Potosf. 

"El  Contemporaneo,"  journal. 

38.  Godoy,    Jose*    F.,    First    Secretary   of    the    Mexican 
Embassy,  Washington,  D.  C.,  U.  S.  A. 

Historical,  literary,  and  legislative  books. 

39.  Gobierno  del   Estado  de  San  Luis  Potosf,  San  Luis 
Potosf. 

"Historia  de  la  Instruction  Piiblrca  en  San  Luis 
Potosf,"  historical  book. 

40.  Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Guanajuato,  Guanajuato. 

Book  on  ethnography  and  statistics  of  the  State  of 
Guanajuato. 

41.  Herrera,  Alfonso,  Mdxico,  D.  F. 

"  La  Vie  sur  les  hautes  plateaux,"  scientific  book. 

42.  Manterola,  Ramdn,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 

Text  books. 

43.  Martinez,  Miguel  F.,  Mdxico,  D.  F. 

"Memorias   de  Instruction    Publica,"  a  book   on 
public  instruction. 

44.  Medina  y  Ormachea,  Carlos,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

"Legislacidn    de  los  pueblos  latinos,"  a  book  on 
legislation. 

1  0  See  Note  X  in  appendix. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
120 


45-     Matute,  Juan  B.,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

"Sistema  me'trico  decimal,"  the  metrical  system. 

46.  Najera  Herrera,  Josd  M.,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

"Geografia  de  Jalisco,"  geographical  book. 

47.  Penafiel,  Antonio,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Scientific  books. 

48.  Pena,  Rafael  Angel  de  la,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Text  books. 

49.  Portillo,  A.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

"La  Revista  Agrfcola,"  an  agricultural  review. 

50.  Ramirez,  Genaro  B.,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

"  Legislacidn  sobre  aguas,"  a  book  on  water  supply. 

51.  Ramirez  Ramos,  Juan,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Copy  book  for  pupils. 

52.  Rivera,  Diego,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Book. 

53.  Schulz,  Miguel  E.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

"  Apuntes  para  el  curso  de  Geograffa  en  la  Escuela 
Nacional  Preparatoria  de  Mexico,"  a  geographical 
book. 

54.  Secretarfa  de  Guerra  y  Marina,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Official  publications. 

55.  Secretarfa  de    Hacienda  y  Crddito  Piiblico,  Mexico, 
D.  F. 

Official  publications. 

Fiscal  statistics  of  the  United  States  of  Mexico. 

56.  Secretarfa  de  Justicia  6  Instruccidn  Publica,  Mexico, 
D.  F. 

Official  publications. 

57.  Secretarfa  de  Relaciones  Exteriores,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Official  publications. 

58.  Sellerier,  Carlos,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

"  Notes  on  Mining  in  Mexico,"  statistical  book. 

59.  Sifuentes,  Salvador  C.,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

"La  Evolucidn  Escolar,"  a  scholars'  review. 

60.  Sociedad    Andnima     de     Concursos    en     Coyoacan, 
Coyoacan,  D.  F. 

Reviews  of  the  expositions  held  in  Coyoacan, 
Mexico,  for  development  of  the. agricultural  industry. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
121 


61.  Tablada,  L.  y  Medina  Lopez  F.,  Texcoco,  Mexico. 

Two  dramas. 

62.  Valay,  Fernando,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

"  Ensayos  taquigraficos,"  a  short  hand  text  book  and 
maps. 


GROUP  CXXIV 

Scientific  Apparatus 

Class  514        63.     Alva,  Ramon,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Mexican  seismographer  which  marks  the  effective 
movements  of  the  earth. 

64.     Casa  de  Moneda  de  la  Repiiblica  Mexicana,  Me'xico, 
D.  F. 

Photographs  of  different  departments  of  the  Mint, 
showing  its  institutions  and  works. 


GROUP  CXXV 

Photography 

Class  515        65.     Aguirre,  Eduardo,  Guanajuato. 
Photographs. 

66.  Armendaris,  E.,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Photographs  on  glass  plates. 

67.  Barriere,  Carlos,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Photographs. 

68.  Curet,  J.  B.,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Photographic   plates   made   of    gelatine    bromide. 
Varnish  for  retouching  the  same. 

69.  Ferrari  Pe'rez,  Fernando,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Photographs  on  glass  plates. 

70.  Fregoso,  Tomas,  Hermosillo,  Sonora. 

Photographs. 

71.  Garcfa,  D.,  San  Luis  Potosf. 

Photographs. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 


72.  Garcfa,  Romualdo,  Guanajuato. 

Photographs. 

73.  Gdmez  Gallardo,  Ignacio,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Photographs. 

74.  Gonzalez,  Arturo,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Photographs. 

75.  Gonzalez,  A.  Y.,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Photographs. 

76.  Herrera  y  Paz,  Leonardo,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Photograph  background. 

77.  Lange,  Emilio,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Photographs. 

78.  Lupercio,  Jose*,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Photographs. 

79.  Me'ndez  Hermanos,  San  Luis  Potosf. 

Photographs. 

So.     Mora,  O.  de  la,  Mexico,  D.  F. 
Photographs. 

81.  Schlattman  Hermanos,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Photographs. 

82.  Torres,  Manuel,  Me'xico,  D.  Y. 

Photographs. 

83.  Waite,  C.  B.,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Photographs. 

84.  White,  Eduardo,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Photographs. 


GROUP  CXXVI 

Medical,  Surgical,  and  Dental 
Instruments 

85.  Barroeta,  Gregorio,  San  Luis  Potosf.  Class  516 

Uterus  mirror. 

86.  Chacdn,  Joaqufn,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Dental  works. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
123 


87.     Hinojosa,  Pedro,  Mexico,  D.  F. 
Dental  works. 


88. 


Soriano,  J.  M.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 
Dental  works. 


GROUP  CXXVII 

Engineering  and  Public  W^orks 

Class  517       89.     Comisio'n   Geografico   Exploradora   de   la    Republica 
Mexicana,  Xalapa,  Veracruz. 

Divisional  geographical  maps  of  the  United  States  of 
Mexico. 

90.     Matute,  Josd  Ignacio,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Geographical  maps  of  the  States  of  Jalisco  and 
Colima  and  the  Territory  of  Tepic. 

Class  518       91.     Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Jalisco,  Guadalajara. 
Maps  and  diagrams  of  landed  property. 
Density  of  population  diagrams. 
Census  of  the  State  of  Jalisco,  geographical  map  of 
the  State  of  Jalisco,  hydrographical,  geographical, 
and  geological  maps  and  diagrams  of  the  State  of 
Jalisco. 

92.  Institute  Geoldgico  de  Me'xico,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Geological  survey  maps. 

93.  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 

Photographic  map  of  the  Federal  District. 
Photographic  map  of  the  boundaries  between  Mexico 
and  Guatemala. 

Class  524        94.     Ayuntamiento  de  la  Ciudad  de  Tacubaya,  Tacubaya, 
D.  F. 

Photographs  of  the  city  and  some  of  its  buildings. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
124 


GROUP  CXXVIII 

Hygiene  and  Sanitation 

95.  Consejo  Superior  de  Salubridad,  Mexico,  D.  F.  Class  526 

Human  and  anti-hydrophobical  vaccination. 
Statistics  of  the  mortality  in  City  of  Mexico. 
Photographs  and  plans  of  the  sanitary  installations 
in  the  City  of  Mexico,  ports,  and  frontiers.11 

96.  Secretarfa  de  Gobernacidn,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Photographs  and  sketches  of  the  General  Hospital 
of  Mexico.12 

97.  Junta   de    Saneamiento    de    la    Ciudad    de    Mexico, 
Mexico,  D.  F. 

Photographs  of  the  sewerage  sytem  of  the  City  of 
of  Mexico.1' 


GROUP  CXXIX 

Constructive  Architecture 

98.  Dfaz,  Jr.,  Porfirio,  Mexico,  D.  F.  Class  531 

Plans  and  designs  of  public  buildings  and  monu- 
ments erected  and  to  be  built  at  the  City  of  Mexico. 

99.  Garza,  Daniel,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Plans  and  designs  for  public  and  private  buildings. 


GROUP  CXXX 

Social  Economy 

loo.     Gobierno  del  Estado  de  Jalisco,  Guadalajara.  Class  541 

Diagram  of  Public  Security  of  the  State  of  Jalisco. 

1 1  See  Note  XI  in  appendix. 
1  2  See  Note  XII  in  appendix. 
1 »  See  Note  XIII  in  appendix. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
125 


Class  542      1 01.     Secretaria  de  Gobernacidn,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Different  medicines  prepared  in  the  pharmacy  of 
the  Public  Beneficence.14 

Photographs   of   the    Penitentiary  of   the   City  of 
Mexico. 

Photographs  of  the  Public   Beneficence  establish- 
ments. 

Photographs  of  the  sewerage  system  of  the  City  of 
Mexico. 


GROUP  CXXXI 

Music,  Musical  Instruments,  and 
the  Drama 

Class  543      102.     Alce'rreca,  Felix  M.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 
Musical  composition. 

103.  Balcdzar,  Francisco,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Musical  compositions,  musical  grammar,  method  of 
singing. 

104.  Barradas,  Jose',  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 

Musical  composition. 

105.  Castro,  Ricardo,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 

Musical  composition. 

1 06.  Cordero,  Vicente,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Musical  composition. 

107.  Peimbert,  J.,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 

Musical  composition. 

1 08.  Saucedo,  Tiburcio,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Singing  theories. 

109.  Somellera,  Edmundo,  Puebla. 

Musical  compositions. 


1*  S«e  Note  XIV  in  appendix. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
126 


DIVISION   XVI 

Ethnology 


ETHNOLOGY 


S  it  is  known,  Ethnology  is  the  science 
relating  to  the  distribution  of  any 
human  race  with  regard  to  its  origin 
and  costumes,  which  serve  to  char- 
acterize it  among  other  races,  by  inscriptions  on 
stone,  metals,  or  parchment,  and  by  the  language 
spoken,  and  also  by  excavations  that  have  been 
made  demonstrative  of  the  state  of  civilization 
reached  in  the  construction  of  temples,  palaces, 
homes,  etc.  To  give  an  idea  of  the  part  which 
pertains  to  Mexico  we  will  quote  here  the  words 
of  Hon.  Matias  Romero,  Mexican  Minister  to 
Washington,  in  his  magnificent  work  published 
by  him  in  New  York  City  in  the  year  1898, 
because  we  are  of  the  belief  that  the  information 
contained  therein  is  of  the  greatest  importance. 
The  work  is  entitled  "  Geographical  and  Statis- 
tical Notes  on  Mexico." 

"  ETHNOLOGY.  Mexico  is  inhabited  by  native 
Indians  found  there  during  the  Spanish  Conquest, 
by  descendants  of  the  conquerors  of  Mexico  and 
other  European  races,  and  by  a  mixture  of  the 
two.  There  are  so  few  inhabitants  of  African 
descent  that  it  is  hardly  worth  while  speaking  of 
them.  The  proportion  of  this  population  is 
about  as  follows :  Of  European  descent,  19  per 
cent;  native  Indians,  43  percent;  mixed  races, 
38  per  cent. 

"  MEXICAN    INDIANS.      The    native    Indians 
found  by  the  Spaniards  belong  to  several  nations 
129 


and  tribes,  having  different  features  and  entirely 
distinct  languages.  The  principal  of  these  tribes 
are  the  following,  some  of  which  are  now  extinct : 


Otomf, 

Apache, 

Tarahumara, 

Chichimec, 

Irritilas, 

Tepehuan, 

Huaxtec, 

Tamaulioecs, 

Sabaibos, 

Totonac, 

Zacotec, 

Acaxee, 

Mixtec, 

Huastec, 

Xixime, 

Zapotec, 

Zoque', 

Concho, 

Mahuas, 

Opata, 

Manosprietas, 

Toltec, 

Guaicurf, 

Comanche, 

Olmecs, 

Taquf, 

Cuachichila, 

Xicalancs, 

Mayo, 

Tarascos, 

Tula, 

Seri, 

Mixe*. 

"  These  tribes  have  been  classified  in  the  fol- 
lowing families : 

Mexican  family, 

Sonorense  Opata — Pima  family, 

Guaicura  y  Cochimi  Laimon  family, 

Seri  family, 

Tarasco  family, 

Zoque — Mixd  family, 

Totonaca  family, 

Mixteco — Zapoteca  family, 

Matlatzinga  6  Pirinda  family, 

Maya — Quiche  family, 

Chontal  family, 

Huave  family, 

Apache  family, 

Otomf  family. 

"  There  is  a  great  deal  of  similarity  between 
the  Mexican  Indians  and  the  Malay  Asiatic  races 
— especially  the  Japanese  branch — which  gives 
foundation  to  the  idea  that  the  aborigines  of  Mex- 
ico originally  came  from  Asia,  or  vice  versa.  Their 

130 


intensely  black  hair  and  eyes,  their  brown  or  yel- 
low color,  their  small  stature,  and  the  slight  ob- 
liquity of  their  eyes,  are  features  common  to  the 
Mexican  Indians  and  the  Japanese. 

"  Some  of  the  Indian  languages  seem  to  me 
to  resemble  strongly  the  Oriental  ones,  though  of 
course  I  cannot  speak  with  authority,  as  I  do  not 
know  any  of  those  languages  and  have  heard  only 
the  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  Korean  spoken ;  but  I 
am  sure  that  if  any  educated  and  intelligent 
Chinese  would  go  to  Mexico  and  spend  some  time 
among  the  Indians  he  would  find  traces  in  the  lan- 
guage which  would  contribute  greatly  to  clear  up 
this  problem. 

"  The  Indians  of  the  different  tribes  do  not 
generally  mix  with  one  another,  but  intermarry 
among  themselves,  and  this  fact  contributes 
greatly  to  their  physical  decay,  and  makes  very 
difficult,  at  least  for  some  time  to  come,  the  com- 
plete assimilation  of  all  the  Mexican  popula- 
tion. 

"  The  Mexican  Indians  are  on  the  whole  a 
hard  working,  sober,  moral,  and  enduring  race, 
and  when  educated  they  produce  very  distin- 
guished men.  Some  of  our  most  prominent  men 
in  Mexico,  like  Juarez  as  a  statesman,  and  More- 
los  as  a  soldier,  were  pure  blooded  Indians, 
and  fortunately  there  is  no  prejudice  against  their 
race  in  Mexico,  and  so  when  they  are  educated 
they  are  accepted  in  marriage  among  the  highest 
families  of  pure  Spanish  blood. 

"  Professor  Starr's  theory  that  we  are  all  on 
this  continent  assuming  the  type  of  the  Indian, 


is,  in  a  measure,  true.  It  is  nothing  new,  for  it 
was  already  indicated  by  an  English  physician 
travelling  in  the  British  Colonies  before  the 
United  States  was  thought  of. 

"  RUINS.  We  have  in  Mexico  some  of  the 
most  ancient  and  remarkable  ruins,  and  although 
there  are  different  surmises  about  the  time  at 
which  they  were  built  and  the  people  who  built 
them,  nothing  is  known  positively  about  them. 
The  principal  ones  are  in  Uxmal  and  Chichen 
Itza  in  the  State  of  Yucatan,  Comalcalco  in  the 
State  of  Tabasco,  Teotihuacan  in  the  State  of 
Mexico,  Cholula  in  the  State  of  Puebla,  in  the 
State  of  Tlaxcala,  and  Mitla  in  the  State  of 
Oaxaca. 

"  LANGUAGES.  About  one  hundred  and  fifty 
different  Indian  languages  are  known  to  have 
been  spoken  by  the  Mexican  Indians.  The 
Spanish  monks  accompanying  the  conquerors 
and  who  went  to  the  country  afterwards  compiled 
grammers  and  even  dictionaries  of  some  of  these 
languages ;  but  the  Indians  falling  into  a  semi- 
barbarous  state  after  the  conquest,  having  lost 
their  civilization  and  literature,  their  languages 
have  either  disappeared  completely  or  become 
very  primitive,  and  it  is  ascertained  that  some  of 
them  have  become  entirely  extinct. 

"  The  Spanish  is,  of  course,  the  language  of 
the  country  and  most  of  the  Indians  speak  it, 
although  very  imperfectly  and  incorrectly,  only 
a  small  portion  of  them  speaking  no  language 
but  their  own. 


"  The  chief  languages  spoken  in  Mexico 
proper,  excluding  the  states  of  Chiapas  and 
Yucatan,  are  as  follows : 

Nahuatl  or  Mexican  (Aztec)  with  Acaxee,  Sabboibo, 
Xixime,  Cochimi,  Concho,  and  other  members  of  the  same 
family. 

Seri,  Upanguaima,  and  Guaima. 

Papago,  Opata,  Yaqui,  Mayo,  Tarahumara,  Tepehuan, 
Cora,  etc. 

Apache,  or  Yavipai,  Navajo,  Mescalero,  Llanero, 
Lipan,  etc. 

Otomi,  or  Hia-hiu,  Fame,  Mazahua,  etc. 

Juaxtec,  Totonac. 

Tarascan,  Matlaltzincan. 

Mixtec,  Zapotec,  Mixe',  Zoque',  Chinantee." 

For  a  better  comprehension  of  the  different 
languages  spoken  throughout  the  Mexican  terri- 
tory the  public  may  consult  a  map  of  the  Repub- 
lic in  which  are  marked  the  places  in  which  the 
different  languages  are  spoken,  having  been 
arranged  with  that  end  in  view  by  Engineer 
Antonio  Garcia  Cubas. 


133 


Division  XVI 
Ethnology 

(Chief,  Engineer  Rosendo  Sandoval) 
GROUP  CXXXII 

Prehistoric  Archaeology 

1.  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Mexico,  D.  F.  Class  553 

Reproductions  of  cinerary,  decorated  vases,  and 
urns. 

2.  Peftafiel,  Antonio,  Mexico,  D.  F.  Class  555 

"Teotihuacan,"  historical  book. 

3.  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Complete  collection  of  reproductions  of  astronom- 
ical, mythological,  hieroglyphic  stones,  Aztec  god- 
dess. 

4.  Blake,  W.  W.,  Mexico,  D.  F.  Class  557 

Clay  and  stone  idols,  vases,  etc. 

5.  Sandoval,  Rosendo,  Tacubaya,  D.  F. 

Reproduction  of  one  vase  of  Obsidian  and  Idols. 

6.  Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Mexico,  D.  F.  Class  563 

Astronomical,  cosmogonical  stones,  and  the  date  of 
the  Aztec  calendar. 

7.  Penafiel,  Antonio,  Mexico,  D.  F.  Class  564 

Tarasco,  Mexican,  Zapoteca,  and  Huasteca  books, 
and  alphabets  decorated  in  Aztec  style. 

8.  Garcfa  Cubas,  Antonio,  Me'xico,  D.  F.  Class  566 

Map  of  the  Valley  and  City  of  Mexico  in  the  middle 

of  the  sixteenth  century. 

Map  of  the  lands  discovered  and  conquered  in  the 

Republic   by  the   Spaniards  during  the  sixteenth 

century. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
'35 


9-     Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Collection  of   decorative  models   of  the  ruins  of 

Teotihuacan. 

Aztec  decorated  plates. 

Water  colors  of  vases  found  in  City  of  Mexico. 

Aztec  pictures  in  water  colors. 

Water  color  of  the  Teotihuacan  frescoes. 

Teponaxtles. 

Aztec  seats. 

Panoplies  and  trophies. 

Codice  Borb<5nico. 

Codice  Fernandez  Leal. 

Codice  Mizteco. 

10.     Pefiafiel,  Antonio,  Me'xico,  D.  F. 
Geographical  names  of  Mexico. 
"  Fabulas  de  Esopo  "  in  Mexican  language. 
History  of  the  Province  of  Santiago  de  Mexico. 
History  of  the  Province  of  Santo  Domingo. 
Congreso  of  Americanistas. 
Archaeological  catalogue. 
A  carpet  with  Archaeological  phototypes. 
Monuments  of  the  old  Mexican  art. 
Antiquaries  of  the  Colombian  Commission. 

Class  567       n.     Secretarfa  de  Fomento,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Collection  of  cotton,  clay,  and  woolen  articles  of 
ancient  and  modern  Indian  art 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
136 


DIVISION  XVII 

Fine  Arts 


Division  XVII 
Fine  Arts 

(Chief,  Maximiliano  M.  Chabert) 
GROUP  CXXXVI 

1.  Almanza,  Cleofas,  Zacatecas.  Class  577 

Oil  painting,  landscape. 

2.  Bernardelli,  Felix,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Oil  painting,  "  The  Zula  River." 

3.  Dfaz  de  Luque,  Ceferina,  Mexico.  D.  F. 

Oil  painting,  "  Palermos  Garden,"  two  copies  from 
nature,  "  Marine  View." 

4.  Lupercio,  Jose',  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Three  oil  paintings,  landscape. 

5.  Luque  Aicardy,  Eduardo,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Oil  painting  taken  from  nature. 

6.  Martfnez,  Guadalupe  E.,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 

Oil  painting. 

7.  Mendoza,  Francisco  de  P.,  Mexico,  D.  F. 

"  Portrait  of  Mr. " 

8.  Ramirez,  Joaqufn,  Mdxico,  D.  F. 

Water  colors,  "  Mexican  Costumes." 

9.  Tovilla,  Jose*  Ine*s,  Aguascalientes. 

Oil  painting. 

io.     Vazquez  Schiaffino,  A.,  Guadalajara,  Jalisco. 
Oil  painting. 


For  explanation  of  classification  see  index. 
139 


APPENDIX 


Notes  Relative  to  the  Liberal 
Arts  Division 


Notes   Relative   to  the  Liberal 
Arts   Division 

NOTE  I 

Public  education  in  Mexico  embraces  primary,  secondary,  and 
professional  instruction.  In  order  to  attend  properly  to  this  service,  the 
Department  of  Public  Instruction  has  created  an  especial  bureau  for 
each  of  the  three  branches  of  instruction. 

According  to  the  political  organization  of  the  Mexican  Republic, 
the  action  of  the  Department  of  Public  Instruction  only  extends  to 
the  Federal  District  and  territories. 

Primary  instruction  is  obligatory,  free,  non-sectarian,  and  for  both 
sexes.  There  are  three  kinds  of  schools  :  Elementary  schools,  high 
primary  schools,  and  night  schools  for  adults. 

In  order  to  obtain  uniformity  in  relation  to  the  courses  of  studies, 
as  well  as  from  an  administrative  point  of  view,  the  law  of  the  third 
of  June,  1896,  established  a  "  General  Direction  of  Primary  Instruction," 
having  Delegations  in  the  territories  of  Tepic  and  Lower  California. 
Although  these  latter  institutions  are  now  dependent  from  the  "  Gen- 
eral Direction,"  they  have  similar  powers  to  it. 

The  General  Direction  as  well  as  the  Delegations  are  made  up  of  a 
large  inspector's  staff  that  constantly  visits  the  schools  to  encourage 
them  and  attend  to  their  wants. 

Secondary  and  professional  instruction  in  the  Federal  District  are 
divided  into  several  studies  which  correspond  to  the  following 
departments : 

1.  The  Normal  School  which  has  a  primary  school  annexed  for 
the  practical  and  pedagogical  work  of  the  students. 

2.  The  Normal  School  for  Women  which  has  a  primary  and  an 
elementary  school  for  the  practical  work  of  the  students. 

3.  The  National  Preparatory  School  where  the  students   acquire 
the  necessary  fundamental  knowledge  to  follow  any  professional  study. 

4.  The  National  School  of  Law  for  those  who  wish  to  take  up  the 
studies  leading  to  the  degree  of  Attorney  and  Counsellor  at  Law  and 
Notary. 


5.  The  National  School  of  Medicine  offers  a  thorough  course  in 
medicine,   pharmacy,   and   mid-wifery.     To    this    school    belongs    the 
Pathological  Institute,  whose  principal  object  is  to  offer  the  pupils  a 
complete    course  in  pathological    anatomy,   pathology,   and    national 
medicine.     The  Academy  of  Medicine,  supported  by  the  Department  of 
Instruction,  depends  from  this  school. 

6.  The  National  School  of  Engineering  with  a  complete  course  in 
topography,  metallurgy,  and  geography.     It  also  gives  especial  courses 
in  civil,  electrical,  mining,  and  industrial  engineering.     In  order  to  com- 
plete the  studies  in   mining   engineering,  the   Department   of   Public 
Promotion  has  established  a  Practical  School  of  Mining  and  Metallurgy 
in  the  City  of  Pachuca. 

7.  The   National   School   of  Agriculture   and   Veterinary   which 
gives  the  diplomas  of  Bachelor  in  Veterinary  and  Bachelor  in  Agronomy, 
preparing  those  who  are  going  to  practice  such  professions. 

8.  The   National  School  of   Fine  Arts   devoted  to  the  especial 
studies  of  architecture,  painting,  sculpture,  and  engraving. 

9.  The   National   Conservatory   of   Music   and   Elocution  which 
prepares  the  students  to  become  professors  of  music,  singers,  actors 
and  dramatists. 

10.     The  Superior  School  of  Commerce  and  Administration. 

n.  The  Industrial  National  School  for  Men  where  the  students 
receive  a  thorough  instruction  for  handling  the  most  complicated  electri- 
cal and  mechanical  machinery,  preparing  them  for  the  principal  and 
most  necessary  arts  in  their  daily  avocations,  such  as  carpentry, 
mechanics,  printing,  and  to  become  chiefs  of  mechanical  shops. 

12.  The  Industrial  National  School  for  Women. 

13.  The  Department  of  Instruction  supports  a  charitable  establish- 
ment known  under  the  name  of  "  La  Paz  College,"  and  devoted  to  the 
instruction  of  orphans.     This  has  a  primary  and  an  elementary  school. 
An  industrial  school  is  under  its  control. 

There  is,  besides,  dependent  of  the  same  department : 

The  National  Library  with  its  200,000  volumes ;  the  Night  Library 
and  Annex  with  10,000  volumes,  and  the  special  libraries  of  each  of  the 
schools  already  mentioned. 

The  Bibliographic  Mexican  Institute,  the  purpose  of  which  is  to 
register  the  titles  of  works  published  in  Mexico  and  those  that  the 
Mexicans  may  publish  abroad,  has  various  bureaus  which  have  their 
dependencies  in  all  the  states  of  the  Republic. 

The  National  Museum  which  is  sub-divided  into  two  principal 
bureaus,  viz. :  That  of  history  and  archaeology,  and  that  of  natural 
history. 

M4 


And  lastly,  the  Inspection  of  Archaeologic  Monuments.  This 
institution  has  in  every  city  and  in  all  places  where  remarkable  ruins 
exist,  the  necessary  employees  for  their  preservation. 

Referring  to  public  schools  again,  we  will  gather  here  some  statisti- 
cal data  up  to  the  year  1899.  About  that  time  there  were  the  following 
schools  supported  by  the  Federal  Government  in  the  Federal  District, 
and  in  the  territories  of  Tepic  and  Lower  California : 


SCHOOLS 

Number  of 
Schools 

Pupils  Inscribed 
in  the  Year 

I* 

Hi 

r 

IMPROVEMENTS 

General 
Expenses 

Ex- 
amined 

Ap- 
proved 

Con- 
cluded 

Studies 

Primary,   . 
Secondary, 
Professional,    . 

479 

4 

10 

6i,393 
3.449 

3,858 

3ifo*° 

2^2* 

a,346 

a8,340 
»,7S9 
3,38« 

",815 
>,33> 
i,396 

»,3*> 
3,091 

220 

$1,008,665.45 
241,452.95 
675,209.75 

491 

67,700 

36,188 

3*,48i 

25,543 

5,631 

$1,925,328.15 

The  above  information  refers  only  to  official  schools ;  but  in  order 
to  have  a  general  idea  of  the  number  of  schools  which  exist  in  the 
Federal  District  and  in  the  territories,  we  will  say  that  there  are 
besides  176  schools  managed  by  private  individuals,  22  managed  by 
associations,  and  37  managed  by  the  clergy. 

Regarding  the  total  number  of  schools  in  the  Republic,  we  give  the 
following  data  in  order  to  complete  this  general  information,  but,  as  has 
been  said,  all  do  not  depend  on  the  Department  of  Justice  and  Public 
Instruction,  but  are  administered  by  the  states  of  the  Federation  and 
the  municipalities. 


In  1899  there  was  in  the  whole  Republic : 

{Primary  schools,     . 
Secondary  schools, 
Professional  schools,       . 
Private  schools, 


9.271 
37 


2,560 


Total, 


11,925 


NOTE  II 

The  Geographical  and  Exploring  Commission  was  established 
twenty-three  years  ago  (General  Vicente  Riva  Palacios  being  Secretary  of 
Promotion  at  that  time),  having  for  its  object  the  formation  of  the 
Geographical  Chart  of  the  Republic. 

The  Commission  is  under  the  orders  of  the  Department  of  Promotion 
and  the  Department  of  War,  and  both  contribute  to  support  it.  The  former 
encourages  the  formation  of  said  chart  and  the  latter  takes  advantage  of 
the  work  for  military  purposes.  The  War  Department  appoints  some 
officers  of  the  special  staff  who  have  acquired  their  military  education  at 
the  military  academy,  and  these  are  added  to  the  Commission. 

The  organizations  of  the  Commission  are  as  follows :  Field  Force, 
Calculating  Section,  Cartographical  Section,  Natural  History  Section, 
and  the  Reproduction  Shops. 

The  methods  followed  in  the  formation  of  the  general  chart  will  be 
very  shortly  explained,  it  being  impossible  in  such  a  brief  review  as  this 
to  enter  into  minute  details.  These  methods  are  explained  in  the  order 
corresponding  to  the  organization  of  the  Commission. 

FIELD  WORK  :  It  is  obvious  to  say  that  it  was  necessary  to 
discard  any  system  of  extensive  geodesic  triangulations,  for  it  would  be 
too  expensive  and  limited  to  apply  it  to  a  country  like  Mexico,  lacking 
means  of  communication,  where  the  soil  is  so  broken,  and  where  the 
extensive  and  virgin  forests,  as  well  as  the  large  deserts,  are  so  numer- 
ous. The  system  which  was  adopted  was  that  of  establishing  in  each  of 
the  zones  which  was  to  be  surveyed,  a  plot  showing  the  points 
geographically  established  by  means  of  astronomical  observations,  these 
points  being  connected  among  themselves  and  in  all  possible  directions 
by  the  lines  of  detailed  work  so  as  to  fill  up  the  polygons  enclosing  them, 
as  well  as  to  fix  the  sides  of  the  squares  and  prove  the  relative  position 
of  the  work  done,  also  allowing  the  distribution  of  the  errors  which 
are  inherent  to  the  methods  employed  in  the  surveys. 

For  the  determination  of  time  the  Commission  only  uses  the  equal 
height  of  two  stars.  The  latitudes  have  been  almost  exclusively 
determined  by  circum-meridian  zenith  distances,  which  have  been 
observed  both  to  the  north  and  south  of  the  zenith. 

To  determine  the  longitude,  it  follows  in  general  the  method  of 
instantaneous  signals.  The  altitudes  have  been  determined  by  hypso- 
metric observations  which  are  simultaneous  with  the  barometrical 
observations  in  the  Central  Meteorological  Observatory  of  Mexico  or  with 
those  taken  in  the  temporary  observatories  which  have  been  established 
by  the  Commisson. 

146 


The  general  details  have  been  surveyed  with  the  help  of  a  field 
compass  and  perambulator,  and  the  differences  in  level  are  obtained  with 
the  help  of  the  aneroid  barometer. 

In  the  principal  centers  of  operations,  it  has  established  small 
astronomical  and  meteorological  observatories  which  are  necessary  for 
the  execution  of  the  work.  These  observatories  obtain,  besides  the  data 
relative  to  the  determination  of  geographical  co-ordinates,  sufficient 
details  to  reduce  the  declination  of  the  compass. 

The  summary  of  the  work  executed  can  be  divided  as  follows: 
Area  completely  surveyed,  400,000  square  kilometers,  408  points  having 
been  geographically  placed;  roads  and  rivers  have  been  surveyed  to 
the  extent  of  111,706  kilometers. 

CALCULATING  SECTION  :  In  this  department,  after  properly  arrang- 
ing the  data  supplied  by  the  field  force,  the  numerical  results  obtained 
from  that  operation,  and  the  calculations  which  have  been  determined, 
are  properly  arranged  and  bound,  as  well  as  the  diagrams  on  which  they 
are  drawn. 

CARTOGRAPHICAL  SECTION  :  This  section  takes  charge  of  all  the 
labors  felating  to  the  construction  and  drawing  of  charts;  it  also 
attends  to  the  reduction  of  these  charts  to  different  scales,  and  it 
classifies,  registers,  and  records  them,  as  well  as  distributes  those  which 
have  to  be  used  from  each  one  of  the  leaves ;  and  lastly,  it  forms  the 
catalogues.  The  advantage  of  subdividing  the  extensive  charts  is  very  well 
known  and  hence  the  Geographical  and  Exploring  Commission  ought  to 
follow  this  system.  The  first  Director  of  the  Commission,  the  engineer, 
Mr.  Agustin  Diaz,  had  the  idea  of  subdividing  the  General  Chart  of  the 
Republic  and  that  of  the  States,  and  he  divided  them  into  sheets  of 
a  common  size,  arranged  in  such  a  way  that  by  means  of  the  number 
and  letters  placed  on  each  sheet  and  the  designation  of  the  class  to 
which  it  belongs,  it  can  be  distinguished  from  the  others,  and  once  the 
system  is  understood,  an  idea  is  immediately  formed  of  the  relative 
situation  of  each  operation  in  the  general  map,  the  area  that  it  covers,  and 
the  place  in  the  archives  where  the  desired  information  is  to  be  found. 

The  dimensions  adopted  for  these  sheets  are  0.53  centimeters  of 
base  by  0.40  of  height  between  margins.  These  have  been  adopted  in 
order  that  the  City  of  Mexico,  which  is  the  capital  of  the  Federal 
Government,  should  occupy  the  center  of  the  sheet  on  which  it  is  to  be 
shown  in  the  different  subdivisions,  such  as  the  topographical  on  a  scale 
of  i  to  20,000;  the  geographical  on  a  scale  of  I  to  100,000,  and  the 
administrative  on  a  scale  of  i  to  500,000 ;  thus  by  subordinating  in  each 
case  the  number  of  sheets  to  the  regular  sub-multiples  of  those  scales, 
the  complete  map  of  the  country  can  be  included  in  that  number  as  well 
as  that  part  of  the  adjoining  country  which  the  administration  is  most 
interested  to  know.  And  finally,  it  is  so  organized  that  the  designations 
by  letters  carried  by  the  subdivision  sheets  of  i  to  20,000  and  i  to 

147 


ioo,ooo  are  so  organized  that  the  letter  corresponding  to  the  central 
sheets  should  be  m  or  M  (according  to  the  scale),  the  initial  letter  of 
Mexico. 

A  simple  inspection  of  the  accompanying  diagram  will  explain  the 
system  under  which  the  sheets  are  distributed  in  the  different  scales  of 
regular  subdivisions.  That  of  the  geographical  scale  is  at  i  to 
2,000,000,  containing  the  map  of  the  country  and  certain  portions  of 
the  adjoining  countries,  being  shown  on  nine  sheets  marked  in  Arabian 
numbers  in  this  style  1  to  9.  That  on  a  scale  of  I  to  1,000,000  which 
reproduces  the  same  map,  reducing  the  portions  of  the  adjoining 
countries  on  the  frontiers  of  the  Republic;  this  includes  twenty- 
four  sheets  which  are  numbered  from  I  to  24,  also  in  Arabian 
numbers,  but  of  the  upright  capital  Roman  type.  That  of  I  to 
500,000  covering  the  same  parts  by  means  of  ninety-six  sheets,  and  in 
which  each  sheet  of  the  previous  map  is  extended  over  four,  which  are 
distinguished  amongst  themselves  by  the  Roman  numbers  of  I  to  IV. 
Those  on  the  scale  of  I  to  250,000  are  contained  in  three  hundred  and 
eighty-four  sheets,  being  four  for  each  one  of  the  previous  scale,  and  are 
distinguished  by  the  block  letters  A,  B,  C,  D.  While  the  last  geograph- 
cal  subdivision  on  a  scale  of  I  to  100,000,  and  on  which  only  the  number 
of  leaves  necessary  to  cover  the  whole  Republic  will  be  prepared,  will  be  in 
the  proportion  of  twenty-five  sheets  on  a  scale  of  I  to  100,000  for  every 
sheet  of  i  to  500,000,  and  will  be  distinguished  by  the  letters  of  the  Spanish 
alphabet  (excepting  the  1 1  and  n),  using  the  upright  Roman  capitals.  For 
the  subdivision  on  the  topographical  scale  of  i  to  20,000,  the  twenty-five 
sheets,  which  will  be  engraved  for  each  one  on  the  scale  of  i  to  1 00,000, 
will  be  distinguished  by  the  same  letters  of  the  alphabet,  and  of  the  same 
character,  but  small  letters. 

From  the  above  explanations,  it  will  be  seen  that  a  wall  map  of 
convenient  dimensions  can  be  arranged  by  using  the  leaves  on  a  scale  of 
i  to  2,000,000,  while  those  pertaining  to  other  scales  can  be  compiled  in 
the  form  of  an  atlas  in  the  order  which  is  above  described. 

The  section  has  finished  the  drawing  of  one  hundred  and  five  sheets 
of  the  General  Chart  and  many  special  charts  of  some  of  the  States  of 
the  Republic.  At  present  it  is  about  to  finish  fifty  sheets  of  said  General 
Chart  besides  that  already  made. 

THE  REPRODUCTION  SHOPS  :  The  Commission  has  two  shops  at 
its  disposal,  one  for  lithography,  and  the  other  for  photography,  where 
it  executes  all  the  work  finished  by  the  former  sections. 

NATURAL  HISTORY  SECTION:  The  labors  of  this  section  are 
almost  exclusively  confined  to  the  collection  and  preparation  of  the 
specimens  belonging  to  the  zones  that  are  explored.  These  specimens 
have  been  carefully  classified,  and  they  constitute  at  present  a  rich 
museum  to  which  the  public  has  free  access.  For  the  zoological  classifica- 
tion, the  contents  of  the  catalogues  published  by  the  British  Museum 

148 


have  been  taken  as  a  basis.  The  same  order  was  not  observed  with 
respect  to  the  biological  specimens,  as  it  was  considered  more  advisable 
to  follow  that  laid  down  in  the  "  Central  American  Biology,"  a  work  that 
is  more  especially  applicable  to  Mexico,  although  excepting  from  it 
the  case  of  the  coleoptera  which  are  almost  always  arranged  in 
accordance  with  the  Genera  of  Lacordaire.  In  the  botanical  collection 
everything  has  been  arranged  in  accordance  with  the  Genera  Plantarun  of 
Betham  and  Hooker.  In  the  mineralogical,  geological,  and  palenteological 
collection  it  has  been  considered  preferable,  on  account  of  our  being  on 
the  same  continent,  to  accept  the  guidance  of  tlfe  North  American 
naturalists,  and  especially  the  works  of  Professor  J.  D.  Dana.  The 
section  has  a  very  fine  library,  the  number  of  whose  volumes  is  increasing 
every  day. 

Th«  Commission  has  been  given  awards  at  the  following  expositions : 
New  Orleans  (1885),  an  Extraordinary  Award;  Paris  Exposition 
(1889),  two  Grand  Premiums;  Chicago  Exposition  ( 1893),  six  Premi- 
ums in  several  departments,  that  is,  three  in  geographical  work  and 
three  in  the  natural  history  collection;  International  Geographical 
Congress  in  London  ( 1895  )>  where  the  exhibits  of  the  Commission  were 
considered  in  such  high  estimation  that  several  public  institutions  were 
interested  in  getting  them,  and  the  Commission  ceded  them  to  several 
institutions ;  Atlanta  Exposition,  five  Awards,  three  for  the  geological 
department  and  two  for  the  natural  history  collection;  Exposition  of 
Texas  ( 1900),  one  First  Premium  for  geographical  work  and  three  for 
collection  of  natural  history ;  and  lastly,  Paris  Exposition  (1900),  a 
Grand  Premium. 


NOTE  III 

Since  1857,  the  Mexican  Government  officially  adopted  the  decimal 
metric  system  of  weights  and  measures ;  but  it  could  not  be  made  oblig- 
atory until  the  year  of  1896,  and  ever  since  it  has  been  rigorously  applied 
all  over  the  country. 

Although  the  old  system  has  not  entirely  disappeared,  owing  to  its 
considerable  influence  in  the  customs  of  the  people,  it  is  evident  that  the 
decimal  system  has  rapidly  extended,  owing  specially  to  its  being  taught 
in  the  primary  schools. 

As  a  natural  consequence  of  the  adoption  of  the  French  system  of 
weights  and  measures,  Mexico  forms  part  of  the  International  Meter 
Convention,  contributing  to  the  sustenance  of  the  International  Office 
of  Weights  and  Measures,  located  at  Bern,  Switzerland 

In  the  Department  of  Weights  and  Measures  of  Mexico,  standards 
are  kept  for  the  purpose  of  comparing  periodically  (according  to  the 
law),  the  measures  of  second  and  third  classes,  used  all  over  the  Republic. 

149 


Investigations  are  made  in  the  same  department  of  the  technical  and 
practical  questions  relating  to  the  measuring  and  weighing  apparatus 
and  shape  of  weights,  also  promoting  what  is  deemed  necessary  for  the 
keeping  and  application  of  the  national  system  of  weights  and  measures. 


NOTE  IV 

The  Geological  Institute  of  Mexico  was  founded  with  the  fol- 
lowing objects :  To  make  a  geological  study  of  the  country;  to  form 
and  publish  a  geological  map  of  the  Republic  ;  to  make  especial  and 
new  geological  maps  and  studies  of  interesting  regions,  such  as  mineral 
districts,  difficult  constructions,  important  mountains,  etc.;  to  form  and 
preserve  the  Geological  National  Museum  which  will  serve:  ist,  to 
contain  the  classified  collections  that  may  form  a  basis  for  the  construc- 
tion and  arrangements  of  maps ;  2d,  the  cuts,  profile  views,  models,  etc., 
that  give  a  complete  idea  of  the  formation  of  the  land,  the  properties  of 
the  soil,  of  the  mineral  wealth,  and  of  the  industries  to  which  these  refer. 

It  has  besides  the  object  of  gathering  and  publishing  data  relative 
to  the  history  and  statistics  of  mineral  progress  in  Mexico.  The  work 
has  been  from  the  commencement  devoted  exclusively  to  the  formation 
of  a  general  geological  map  and  a  mineral  map  of  the  country.  The 
first  was  designed  to  give  an  idea  of  the  close  connection  to  one  another, 
in  the  controlling  geological  formations,  and  thus  the  most  interesting 
of  the  country,  and  at  the  same  time  in  order  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  the 
work  more  in  detail,  which  is  to  be  compiled  later  on.  The  mineral  map 
will  serve  to  present  to  the  country,  from  the  mineral  point  of  view,  the 
real  importance  that  should  be  attached  to  it.  It  will  show  the  vast 
number  of  veins  in  the  soil  and  the  diversity  of  mineral  sub- 
stances contained  in  its  territory.  The  work  is  conscientiously  designed 
to  make  known  the  true  value  of  our  mineral  wealth  in  its  present  state 
of  investigation  as  well  as  to  show  the  treasure  hoarded  in  the  soil  of 
Mexico,  which  claims  the  investment  of  new  enterprises  and  new 
energies,  that  the  country  may  properly  utilize  these  national  products. 

Sanctioned  by  a  degree  of  Congress  at  the  end  of  1888,  the  Geo- 
logical Institute  was  founded  to  take  the  place  of  the  Geological  Com- 
mission which  had  taken  charge  of  the  geological  sketch  and  mineral 
map  of  the  Republic.  Thus,  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  1891,  the 
Geological  Commission  was  converted  into  the  Geological  Institute, 
having  very  few  changes  in  the  staff.  Since  that  time  the  Geological 
Institute,  endeavoring  to  carry  on  a  vast  and  interesting  line  of  investi- 
gation, has  compiled  works,  some  relating  to  pure  geology,  and  others  to 
the  different  departments  of  practical  geology. 

150 


The  explorations,  inquiries,  and  investigations  made  by  the  staff  of 
the  Geological  Institute  cover  altogether  a  surface  of  1,402,900  sq.  kilome- 
ters, equivalent  to  70  per  cent  of  the  total  surface  of  the  Republic. 

The  explorations  relative  to  the  surveying  of  the  stratigraphical 
methods  and  to  the  separation  of  eruptive  rocks  are  in  two  large 
groups;  the  " precretacicas "  and  " poscreticicas"  cover  a  surface 
equivalent  to  50  per  cent  of  the  total  surface  of  the  country. 

The  studies  of  the  mineral  districts  and  the  explorations  were  made 
for  the  formation  of  the  geological  map  of  the  Peninsula  of  Yucatan 
and  that  of  the  State  of  Chiapas  and  for  the  geological  map  which  is 
so  minute  as  to  reach  one  hundred  thousand  part  on  the  scale. 
The  construction  of  the  geological  cut  from  Acapulco  to  Veracruz 
to  the  scale  of  i  to  500,000,  embraces  a  surface  of  190,063  sq.  kilo- 
meters or  9.7  per  cent  of  the  entire  surface  of  the  Mexican  Republic. 
Of  these,  175,500  sq.  kilometers  relate  to  the  work  upon  the  geological 
map  of  the  Peninsula  of  Yucatan  and  the  one  of  the  State  of  Chiapas 
by  the  geologist,  C.  Sapper.  All  these  numbers  have  a  certain  degree 
of  exactness.  There  remains  15,063  sq.  kilometers,  out  of  which  12,120 
sq.  kilometers  reduced  to  the  one  hundred  thousand  scale,  have  been 
carefully  studied.  Beside  these,  there  are  2,500  sq.  kilometers  corre- 
ponding  to  the  geological  cut  from  Acapulco  to  Veracruz,  and  the  final 
43  sq.  kilometers  relative  to  the  study  of  the  mining  fields  of  Pachuca, 
Real  del  Monte,  and  the  coal  fields  of  Zacualtipan. 

The  Institute  has  issued  several  special  publications  which  report 
its  constant  work,  and  it  publishes,  also,  a  bulletin  whose  articles  have 
never  before  been  issued. 


NOTE  V 

The  National  Medical  Institute  has  for  its  object  the  study  of 
the  Flora,  Fauna,  climatology,  and  national  medical  geography,  and  its 
useful  applications,  mainly,  those  that  refer  to  medicine,  industry,  and 
the  development  of  national  products. 

In  order  to  fulfill  this  object  the  Institute  is  made  up  of  a  govern- 
ment staff  consisting  of  a  director,  a  secretary,  a  prefect,  and  a  scientific 
corporation  divided  into  five  sections.  Each  section  has  a  chief  and 
one  or  two  subalterns  with  the  rank  of  assistants  or  clerks.  The  work 
of  these  sections  is  distributed  in  the  following  manner : 

Section  I.  (Natural  History).  For  the  collection  of  products, 
classification,  description,  and  preservation  of  them  in  herbariums  or 
museums. 

IS1 


Section  II.  (Chemistry).  For  the  qualitative  as  well  as  for  the 
quantitative  analysis  of  these  products,  and  for  the  especial  study  of  any 
principles  or  substances  susceptible  of  some  application. 

Section  III.  (Physiology).  For  experimental  studies  in  order  to 
investigate  whether  the'substances  are  active  or  poisonous  or  of  some 
influence  in  animal  economy,  by  fixing  the  doses,  phenomena,  and  other 
data  required  by  science. 

Section  IV.  (Clinical  Therapeutics).  For  the  study  of  these  same 
substances  applied  to  the  sick  with  a  curative  aim. 

Section  V.  (Geographical  and  Climatological  Medicine).  In  order 
to  study  in  the  United  States  of  Mexico  the  distribution  of  diseases,  the 
hygienic  and  ethyological  conditions,  and  to  form  statistical  drawings, 
maps,  and  indexes  which  go  to  assist  in  the  general  knowledge  of  the 
country  under  such  conditions. 

The  manner  of  conducting  the  work  is  as  follows:  With  due 
anticipation,  programs  are  prepared  and  issued  annually,  outlining  the 
entire  course  of  work  to  be  followed  during  the  ensuing  year.  These 
programs  together  constitute  a  general  program  that  gives  a  report  of  the 
work  done  by  all  the  five  sections.  There  are  issued  also  particular 
programs  which  determine  especial  points  for  each  section. 

The  chiefs  of  section  meet  every  month,  under  the  director  as  pre- 
siding officer,  and  in  this  meeting  every  chief  reads  the  report  of  his 
work  during  the  month  in  his  own  section,  including  the  work  of  his 
own  assistants.  A  paper  is  read  besides,  written  by  one  of  the  chiefs  or 
subalterns,  that  relates  to  some  subject  in  connection  with  the  institu- 
tion. There  are  read  also,  in  these  meetings,  suggestions  or  especial 
essays  ordered  by  the  director  in  charge  or  by  the  Department  of  Public 
Promotion. 

The  secretary  of  these  meetings  gathers  all  the  documents  and 
publishes  them  in  a  review  called  "  Anales  del  Institute  Medico " 
(Annals  of  the  Medical  Institute). 

Stated  meetings  also  take  place  at  the  end  of  the  year,  and  ex- 
traordinary ones  when  some  especial  subject  is  to  be  discussed. 

The  greater  part  of  these  meetings  are  held  in  order  to  examine 
the  articles  which  form  the  work  called  "  Datos  para  la  Materia  Medica 
Mexicana."  This  work  has  continued  to  be  issued  during  the  past 
seven  years,  and  three  of  its  volumes  have  already  been  published. 

The  result  of  the  careful  work  of  the  Institute  is  too  broad  to  be 
given  in  this  brief  review.  But  in  order  to  give  a  general  idea  of  the 
results  of  that  work  we  will  enumerate  farther  on  some  of  its  principal 
points :  In  Section  I,  in  order  to  arrange  the  herbariums,  there  has 
had  to  be  collected  more  than  17,000  botanical  specimens,  being  classi- 
fied in  general  over  6,000  species,  and  provisionally  in  families  more 
than  1 1,000.  The  drawings  made  for  the  "  Album  Iconografico,"  for 
the  "  Anales,"  and  for  the  "  Datos  para  la  Materia  Medica,"  embrace 

152 


over  400  photographs,  and  more  than  700  drawings  of  trees,  landscapes, 
etc.  There  has  also  been  collected  copies  and  counter-drawings  of 
plants  from  the  works  of  Humboldt,  Cabanilles,  and  Mocino,  all  num- 
bering about  one  thousand. 

In  Section  II,  the  analyzed  plants  are  over  one  hundred,  and  the 
active  substances  extracted  from  them,  such  as  resin,  essences,  acids, 
alcaloids,  glucoses,  and  coloring  matter,  sum  up  seven  hundred. 
A  good  collection  of  these  substances,  conveniently  prepared,  is 
exhibited  at  this  exposition.  To  these,  analytical  work  must  be 
added,  other  analyses  of  nourishing  substances,  mineral  and  natural 
water,  cement,  and  land ;  being  over  two  hundred  of  these  studies, 
without  counting  the  analyses  of  urine,  which  are  over  one  thousand. 

In  Section  III,  about  one  hundred  plants  have  been  experimentally 
studied.  The  exhibition  comprises  also  the  studies  of  pathological 
anatomy  and  histology,  the  analyses  of  biological  chemistry,  and 
even  the  necessary  pharmaceutical  preparations  for  the  experiments. 
There  has  been  also  added  to  this  section  bacteriological  specimens, 
as  well  as  those  of  micro-photography,  which  amount  to  three  hundred. 
This  fine  collection  has  been  already  exhibited  at  several  expositions. 

In  Section  IV,  there  has  been  one  hundred  and  more  plants  care- 
fully experimented  in  order  either  to  rectify  or  ratify  their  curative  proper- 
ties. The  Institute  has,  for  these  studies,  three  ample  rooms  in  charge 
of  the  San  Andres  Hospital.  This  section  receives  also  the  liberal  help 
of  several  doctors  of  said  hospital,  and  that  of  the  other  hospitals  of 
the  city.  The  clinical  experiments  do  not  consist  merely  in  the  admin- 
istration of  the  substances  made  of  our  medicinal  plants,  but  it  is  based 
on  careful  clinical  observation  in  which  the  physical,  chemical,  and 
bacteriological  methods  are  followed.  The  number  of  clinical  speci- 
mens gathered  go  up  to  thousands,  and  there  are  a  great  many  plants  as 
the  "  Zapote  bianco,"  aboriginal  purgatives,  etc.,  which  undergo  a  very 
close  examination  in  order  to  find  their  therapeutical  properties.  Many 
especial  studies  have  been  made  in  this  section,  as  the  Koch's  lymph, 
the  treatment  of  tuberculosis  and  asthma  by  compressed  air,  the  study 
of  mineral  water  of  the  country,  and  a  work  of  this  kind  has  been 
copied  in  an  American  text  book,  entitled  "  Hand  Book  of  the  American 
Sciences." 

Section  V  has  in  charge  the  formation  of  the  Index  of  the 
Medical  Geography  of  the  Mexican  Republic.  This  section  sent 
thousands  of  circulars  containing  3,000  questions  to  all  the  municipali- 
ties of  the  country  to  be  answered  by  them.  Up  to  the  present  time 
half  of  the  municipalities  have  replied  and  as  a  result  of  such  in- 
formation there  exists  to-day  in  the  Index  about  80,000  answers. 
Several  especial  essays  have  been  written  for  this  section,  and  we  will 
name  some  of  them  to  give  a  general  idea  of  the  work :  "  Acclimating 
of  the  Foreign  Colonies  in  the  Country,"  "  Mortality  in  the  City  of 
Mexico  During  Twenty-five  Years  in  Comparison  with  the  Quantity  of 

'S3 


Rain,"  "  Influence  of  the  Desiccation  of  the  Lake  of  Texcoco  with  the 
Mortality  in  the  Capital,"  "  Origin,  Distribution,  and  Consumption  of 
Public  Water  in  the  Valley  of  Mexico,"  etc. 

The  secretary  of  the  Institute  has  in  his  charge  all  its  documents, 
having  at  the  same  time  the  duty  to  keep  all  the  printed  works  that  the 
Institute  has  published  or  encouraged  as  well  as  the  reprinting  of  its 
most  important  publications.  The  "  Medical  Geography  of  the  Republic 
of  Mexico,"  by  Dr.  Domingo  Orvanafios ;  the  "  Desecaci6n  del  Lago 
Texcoco,"  and  "  La  Anoxihemia  Barometrica,"  by  Messrs.  Vergara  Lopez 
and  Herrera ;  "  The  Botanical  Library,"  by  Dr.  Leon ;  "  The  Medical 
Zoology,"  by  Dr.  J.  Sanchez ;  "  The  Catalogue  of  Medicinal  Plants,"  of 
Dr.  Altamarino ;  "  The  List  of  Vulgar  Botanical  Names  of  Trees  and 
Shrubs  Proper  to  Rebuild  the  Forests  of  the  Republic ; "  "  The  Vege- 
tation of  the  Valley  of  Mexico,"  by  Dr.  Ramirez,  and  some  other 
pamphlets  are  grouped  in  those  of  the  former  class. 

To  the  second  kind  belongs  "  The  Mexican  Flora,"  by  Messrs.  Sesse ; 
the  work  called  "  Planta  Nova  Hispania,"  by  the  same  author ;  "  Essay 
of  the  Vegetable  Materia  Medica  of  Mexico,"  by  Dr.  Vicente  Cervantes; 
"  Essay  for  the  Mexican  Materia  Medica,"  written  by  a  commission 
of  Puebla;  seventy-nine  pamphlets  of  "Materia  Medica,"  and  theses 
by  a  number  of  pharmacists  and  Mexican  doctors  during  the  last  third 
of  the  last  century,  who  have  gotten  together  a  beautiful  collection  called 
"  Monografias  Mexicanas  de  Materia  Medica." 

Finally,  the  Institute  has  among  its  members  a  number  of  distin- 
guished writers  in  this  country  as  well  as  abroad.  There  can  be  found 
among  these  last  a  number  of  persons  of  universal  reputation  in  science, 
such  as  Messrs.  Bouquillon,  Limoussin,  and  Houdas,  of  Paris,  De  Can- 
delle,  of  Geneva,  Janssens  and  Crismer,  of  Brussels,  Britton,  of  New 
York,  and  Remington,  of  Philadelphia, 


NOTE  VI 

The  Astronomical  Observatory  is  situated  in  the  highest  place  of  the 
City  of  Tacubaya,  near  the  City  of  Mexico.  It  is  especially  devoted  to 
the  formation  of  the  photographical  map  and  catalogues  of  the  sky  in 
the  zone  of  10  to  16  degrees  of  southern  declination,  to  making  observa- 
tions of  asteroids  and  comets,  meridians  of  the  stars,  and  magnetic, 
meteorological,  and  occasional  spots  of  the  sun. 

This  observatory  maintains  relations  with  the  principal  astronomical 
and  meteorological  observatories  in  the  world  and  publishes  a  bulletin 
where  its  original  work  appears.  It  also  issues  an  annual  review  with 
useful  data  for  engineers,  and  very  instructive  articles,  which  contribute 
to  the  spreading  of  astronomical  knowledge. 


NOTE  VII 

Priest  Jose  Antonio  Alzate  stands  in  the  first  place  among  those 
who  cultivated  meteorological  science  in  the  country.  He  devoted 
himself  to  its  study  and  made  regular  observations  during  more 
than  eight  years,  as  he  himself  says  in  his  "  Descripcion  topografica  de 
Mexico,  1738-1799.  Of  these  observations,  he,  unfortunately,  only 
published  those  belonging  to  the  last  nine  months  of  the  year  1769,  in 
his  famous  "  Gaceta  de  Literatura  de  Mexico,"  1788-1795.  He  also 
published  many  articles  describing  some  phenomena  and  instruments, 
climates  of  towns,  valuable  and  useful  observations,  in  other  of  his 
publications,  "  Diario  Literario  de  Mexico,"  1768,  "Asuntos  varies 
sobre  Ciencias  y  Artes,"  1772-1773,  and  "  Observaciones  sobre  la  Ffsica, 
Historia  Natural  y  Artes  utiles,"  1787.  He  was  the  first  to  determine 
the  altitude  of  the  City  of  Mexico. 

After  these  labors  of  Priest  Alzate,  we  find  in  the  Journal  "El 
Sol"  a  regular  series  of  observations  published,  daily,  from  June  14, 
1824,  to  January  14,  1828;  Dr.  John  Burkart,  in  1826;  Sr.  Francis  Gerolt, 
from  1833  to  1834,  at  the  School  of  Mines;  Sr.  Jose"  Gomez  de  la 
Cortina,  Count  de  la  Cortina,  from  1841  to  1845  ;  the  members  of  the 
Geographical  Section  of  the  Army  Staff,  from  1842  to  1843;  the 
astronomer,  Sr.  Francisco  Jimenez,  in  1858;  the  School  of  Mines,  in  the 
years  1850,  1856,  1857,  and  1858  ;  Sr.  Ignacio  Coraejo,  M.  E.,  at  the  same 
school,  from  1865  to  1866;  and  Sr.  Juan  de  Mier  y  Teran  at  the 
"Escuela  Preparatoria,"  from  1868  to  1875,  respectively,  made  some 
meteorological  observations. 

A  series  of  observations,  from  1855  to  1875,  was  made  at  the 
Hacienda  de  San  Nicolas  Buenavista,  and  another  one  at  the  City  of 
Cordoba,  from  1859  to  1863,  by  Dr.  Jose  Apolinario  Nieto;  Sr.  Carlos 
Sartorius,  at  Hacienda  del  Mirador,  State  of  Veracruz;  Sr.  Miguel 
Velazquez  de  Leon,  and  his  sons  Joaqui'n  and  Luis,  engineers,  from  1869 
up  to  the  present,  at  the  Hacienda  del  Pabellon;  Sr.  Gregorio  Barreto, 
from  1869  to  1880,  at  the  City  of  Colima;  General  Mariano  Reyes,  Sr. 
Jose"  Maria  Romero,  engineer,  and  Sr.  Pascual  Alcocer.from  1870  to  the 
present  date,  at  the  City  of  Queretaro;  Sr.  Lazaro  Perez,  from  1874  to 
1885,  at  the  City  of  Guadalajara;  Sr.  Isidoro  Epstein,  at  the  City  of 
Monterrey,  1855;  Sr.  Vicente  Reyes,  a  civil  engineer  and  architect  at  the 
City  of  Cuernavaca,  1873,  1874,  and  1876;  Sr.  Joaqui'n  de  Mendizabal 
Tamborrel,  an  engineer,  at  the  City  of  Puebla,  1872-1873;  Sr.  Agustin 
Galindo  at  the  same  city,  1875  ;  Prof.  Manuel  M.  Chazaro,  at  San  Juan 
Michapa,  State  of  Veracruz,  1872-1873  ;  Priest  Pedro  Spina,  S.  J.,  at  the 
City  of  Puebla,  1876,  and  perhaps  many  others  of  whom  we  have  no 
record,  have  devoted  themselves  to  making  meteorological  observations. 

The  "Sociedad  de  Geografia  y  Estadistica,"  the  most  ancient 
scientific  society  in  Mexico,  distributed,  in  1862,  some  instruments  and 
instructions  to  observers. 

'55 


Finally,  on  March  6,  1877,  General  Porfirio  Diaz  being  President  of 
the  Republic,  and  by  the  suggestion  of  General  Vicente  Riva  Palacio, 
then  Secretary  of  Public  Works,  the  Central  Meteorological  Observatory 
was  established  for  the  study  of  atmospherical  and  other  terrestrial 
phenomena.  It  has  directed  its  attention  mainly  to  weather  forecasting, 
counting  on  the  active  co-operation  of  forty-one  observatories  distributed 
over  the  Republic. 

During  the  twenty-four  years  of  its  existence  personal  investigations 
have  been  made  with  the  principal  meteorological  instruments,  thus  secur- 
ing very  complete  series  of  observations  for  the  study  of  the  climate  in 
the  City  of  Mexico. 

Every  morning  telegrams  are  received  from  the  forty-one  meteoro- 
logical stations  established  throughout  the  country,  which  states  the 
results  of  a  complete  observation  made  twenty-three  minutes  after  six 
o'clock  A.  M.  ( eight  A.  M.  of  the  meridian  seventy-five  degrees  west  of 
Greenwich ).  Daily  forecasts  of  the  weather  are  issued  by  means  of  these 
telegrams  and  from  those  received  from  the  meteorological  stations  of 
the  United  States  near  our  frontier,  which  are  transmitted  by  the 
General  Direction  of  Telegraphs  of  the  Government.  Besides  these,  it 
also  receives  about  two  hundred  messages  from  two  hundred  other 
telegraphic  stations  stating  the  condition  of  the  weather  in  their  respec- 
tive localities,  all  of  which  contribute  to  form  a  sufficient  and  exact  con- 
clusion in  regard  to  the  weather  of  the  Republic 

The  results  of  daily  observation  made  at  the  Central  Observatory,  as 
well  as  those  of  the  foreign  observatories,  are  published  in  a  monthly 
bulletin. 

The  simultaneous  observations  made  throughout  the  Republic  at 
6.23  A.  M.,  Mexican  time,  are  used  in  forming  the  weather  charts. 


NOTE  VIII 

On  account  of  the  amount  of  official  work  that  the  Department  of 
Public  Promotion  had  to  have  printed  for  its  circulation,  it  was  con- 
sidered necessary  to  establish  a  Printing  Department.  This  was 
organized,  and  many  of  its  works  have  been  exhibited  and  been  awarded 
prizes  at  several  foreign  expositions. 

The  Printing  Department  is  not  for  the  service  of  the  public  in 
general,  but  the  Department  of  Public  Promotion,  wishing  to  encourage 
the  development  of  science  and  literature,  has  printed  and  prints,  free 
of  charge  (under  certain  conditions),  many  important  books,  pamphlets, 
and  periodicals,  usually  giving  the  preference  to  those  authors  who 
are  in  need  of  necessary  funds  to  have  their  works  printed.  Thus, 
the  impulse  given  to  science  and  literature  has  been  a  considerable  one. 
The  Printing  Department  has  also  a  photo-engraving  department  and 
one  for  lithographing. 

156 


NOTE  IX 

The  library  of  the  Department  of  Public  Promotion  adopted  for  the 
arrangement  of  its  new  catalogue  the  system  of  decimal  classification 
invented  by  Mr.  Melvil  Dewey. 

This  library  was  the  first  one  in  the  United  States  of  Mexico  in 
adopting  the  above  mentioned  system,  Manuel  Fernandez  Leal  being 
Secretary  of  State  during  that  time. 


NOTE  X 

The  General  Direction  of  Statistics  of  the  United  States  of  Mexico 
was  founded  by  decree  of  the  Congress  of  the  Union,  on  May  26th,  1882, 
initiated  by  the  Secretary  of  Public  Promotion,  General  Carlos  Pacheco, 
General  Manuel  Gonzalez  being  the  President  of  the  Republic.  It  was 
open  to  the  public  sen-ice  on  July  first  of  the  same  year,  under  the 
direction  of  D.  Francisco  Ramirez  Rojas.  After  his  death,  Doctor 
Antonio  Pefiafiel,  who  is  still  fulfilling  that  post,  took  charge  of  the 
Direction. 

This  bureau  is  a  section  of  the  Department  of  Public  Promotion  and  is 
located  on  San  Andre's  Street,  No.  15.  It  has  charge  of  all  matters 
relative  to  the  general  and  economical  statistic  branch.  During  the 
first  two  years  it  was  occupied  in  organizing  its  labor,  papers,  etc.,  in 
order  to  develop  its  legal  and  scientific  program. 

In  the  sixty-three  volumes  that  have  been  published  up  to  this  date, 
the  municipal  and  territorial  division  of  the  Republic,  the  census,  the 
criminal  statistics,  the  demography,  the  importation  and  exportation  and 
agricultural  statistics,  etc.,  are  comprised.  It  has  effected  two  censuses 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Republic,  one  in  1895,  and  another  in  1900. 
After  the  first,  there  was  in  Mexico  12,632,427  inhabitants,  and  in  the 
second  that  number  had  increased  to  13,545,462. 

The  expenses  incurred  by  this  bureau,  according  to  the  budget  in 
force,  amounts  to  123,191.81  per  annum,  in  personal  wages,  paper, 
printing,  lining,  bookbinding,  etc. 

The  Direction  of  Statistics  is  in  relation  with  all  the  offices  of  its 
kind  existing  in  the  old  and  new  continents. 


NOTE  XI 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  Sanitary  Code  of  the 
United  States  of  Mexico,  which  came  into  force  in  the  month  of  Au- 
gust, 1891,  and  in  accordance  with  the  subsequent  provisions  of  the 

157 


decree,  issued  by  the  Executive  of  the  Union  on  the  I5th  of  November, 
1894,  the  staff  of  the  Publie  Health  Service  is  at  present  organized  as 
follows : 

For  the  sanitary  service  of  the  Federal  District,  there  is  a  Supreme 
Board  of  Health,  which  is  formed  of  eleven  members,  of  whom  five  are 
civil  physicians,  the  director  of  the  Military  Hospital  of  Instruction,  the 
professor  of  hygiene  in  the  National  School  of  Medicine,  a  veterinary 
surgeon,  a  pharmacist,  a  lawyer,  and  an  engineer. 

Under  the  immediate  orders  of  the  board  there  are  eight  medical 
ward  inspectors,  four  outside  medical  inspectors  for  the  districts  of 
Tacubaya,  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  Tlalpam,  and  Xochimilco,  all  of  which 
form  the  Federal  District,  four  analytical  chemists  attached  to  the 
Inspection  of  Food  and  Drinks,  an  assistant  for  the  bacteriological 
laboratory,  a  curator  of  vaccine,  two  auxiliary  physicians  for  that 
department,  four  vaccine  agents  for  the  eight  police  stations  of  the  city, 
and  a  chief  of  the  disinfection  service. 

The  sanitary  service  of  the  territories  consists  of  a  medical  inspec- 
tor in  Tepic,  and  another  in  Lower  California,  who  is  at  the  same  time 
sanitary  delegate  in  the  Port  of  La  Paz. 

As  besides  being  charged  with  the  sanitary  administration  of  the 
Federal  District  and  territories,  the  Supreme  Board  of  Health  also  has 
charge  of  sanitary  questions  within  the  federal  jurisdiction,  it  fulfills 
those  important  functions  through  the  following  delegations : 

In  the  Gulf  of  Mexico :  in  Matamoros,  Tampico,  Tuxpam,  Vera- 
cruz, Coatzacoalcos,  Frontera,  Laguna  del  Carmen,  Campeche  and 
Progreso. 

On  the  Pacific  Coast :  in  San  Benito,  Salina  Cruz,  Acapulco,  Man- 
zanillo,  San  Bias,  Mazatlan,  Guaymas,  Santa  Rosalia,  Todos  Santos, 
Tonala,  and  Puerto  Angel. 

The  sanitary  service  on  the  frontier  is  looked  after  by  three  vet- 
erinary inspectors,  who  are  distributed  in  Ciudad  Juarez,  Ciudad  Porfirio 
Diaz,  and  Laredo. 

The  many  labors  that  have  to  be  undertaken  by  the  Supreme 
Board  of  Health  in  accordance  with  the  sanitary  code  are  fulfilled  by 
the  aid  of  twenty-three  committees,  which  are  formed  out  of  the  mem- 
bers composing  that  body.  These  committees  are: 

1.  Administration  and  regulation  of  the  sanitary  staff. 

2.  Matters  of  federal  jurisdiction. 

3.  Dwelling  houses  and  schools,  subdivided   into  two,  first  and 

second  of  dwelling  houses. 

4.  Food  and  drinks. 

5.  Churches,  theatres,  and  other  places  of  meeting. 

6.  Factories  and  industries. 

7.  Wholesale  and  retail  drug  stores. 

8.  Practice  of  medicine. 

9.  Inhumations  and  exhumations. 

158 


10.  Epidemology. 

11.  Epizootics. 

12.  Dairies,  slaughter  houses,  meats  imported  from  outside  the  city, 

and  other  police  matters  connected  with  animals. 

13.  Prisons,  hospitals,  and  asylums. 

14.  Markets. 

15.  Garbage  heaps. 

16.  Military  hygiene. 

17.  Vaccination. 

1 8.  Sanitary  inspection. 

19.  Statistics. 

20.  Bacteriology. 

21.  Public  works. 

22.  Judicial  questions. 

23.  Publications. 

A  short  statement  will  be  enough  to  give  a  knowledge  of  the  forms 
under  which  the  principal  committees  of  those  above  mentioned  work, 
and  from  this  sketch  it  will  be  easy  to  infer  the  practice  of  the  others, 
according  to  the  branches  which  are  under  their  control. 

The  Committee  on  Federal  Questions,  which  looks  after  everything 
connected  with  maritime  health,  examines  the  numerous  documents 
which  have  to  be  forwarded  from  the  delegates  of  the  board  in  the 
different  ports  of  the  republic,  and  which  documents  minutely  detail  all 
the  information  referring  to  the  visits  which  they  have  to  pay  to  in-com- 
ing vessels ;  everything  relating  to  their  bills  of  health ;  the  decisions 
which  are  given  when  this  document  is  not  satisfactory,  the  form  of 
disinfection  to  which  the  vessels,  passengers,  and  merchandise  are  sub- 
jected whenever  the  sanitary  laws  require  it,  and  everything  concerning 
the  quarantine,  whether  it  be  rigorous  or  simply  for  observation. 

With  these  documents  and  with  those  that  are  issued  by  the  dele- 
gates after  visiting  the  out-going  vessels,  and  which  refer  to  their  sanitary 
condition,  as  well  as  that  of  the  passengers,  crews,  and  an  examination 
of  the  merchandise  carried  on  board,  the  committee  forms  a  general 
report,  which  is  presented  for  the  information  of  the  Department  of  the 
Interior. 

This  committee  studies  and  decides  all  matters  connected  with 
maritime  health,  and  its  resolutions  are  always  of  the  greatest  import- 
ance, because  they  show  the  watchfulness  with  which  the  p\iblic  is  pro- 
tected against  the  introduction  of  epidemic  or  infectious  diseases  into 
the  Republic,  and  therefore  this  is  the  committee  which  has  charge  of 
international  sanitation. 

The  two  committees  on  dwelling  houses  study  the  information 
found  in  the  reports  which  are  rendered  by  the  sanitary  ward  inspectors 
as  to  the  causes  of  ill  health  which  they  have  discovered  in  their 
domiciliary  visits,  in  accordance  with  the  sanitary  laws  they  decide  on 
the  works  and  improvements  which  are  to  be  undertaken  by  the  propri- 

159 


etors  in  order  to  place  their  buildings  in  good  hygienic  condition, 
ordering  after  the  termination  of  the  period  which  is  granted  in  every 
case  that  a  fresh  inspection  be  made  of  the  houses  so  as  to  determine 
the  fines  that  are  to  be  imposed  should  the  proprietor  fail  in  the  exact 
compliance  of  the  orders  that  have  been  given. 

In  the  latter  case,  and  after  the  lapse  of  the  fresh  term  which  is 
granted  to  the  proprietor  for  the  execution  of  the  work  that  has  been 
ordered,  a  fresh  inspection  is  made,  and  in  view  of  the  report  presented 
by  the  sanitary  inspector,  decision  is  given,  either  that  the  works  so 
ordered  have  been  executed  wholly  or  in  part,  or  that  they  have  not  as 
yet  been  commenced.  If  through  the  absolute  non-compliance  of  the 
orders  given  by  the  committee  a  fresh  fine  is  imposed,  which  in  this  case 
would  be  for  a  larger  amount,  and  if  after  the  lapse  of  the  fresh  term 
granted,  and  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  penalties  imposed  do  not  in  any 
way  relieve  the  proprietor  of  his  obligations  to  improve  the  hygienic 
condition  of  his  buildings,  he  still  is  a  delinquent,  the  inspections  are 
repeated  with  their  respective  reports,  until  the  committee  obtains  the 
exact  fulfillment  of  the  orders  given,  and  by  this  method  of  procedure  a 
great  improvement  has  been  obtained  in  a  considerable  number  of 
houses  in  the  City  of  Mexico,  whose  sanitary  conditions  are  much  better 
than  they  used  to  be. 

An  exactly  similar  procedure  is  followed  with  the  complaints  that 
are  sent  in  with  respect  to  the  bad  hygienic  conditions  of  certain  dwell- 
ings, complaints  which  are  sent  to  the  Supreme  Board  of  Health  by  the 
tenants  of  the  houses  that  are  in  bad  condition,  and  which  are  entered 
into  a  book  that  is  kept  by  the  secretary  for  that  special  purpose.  The 
Committees  on  Dwellings  at  once  give  the  proper  orders  with  respect  to 
every  complaint  that  is  brought  before  them,  and  their  decisions  are 
communicated  to  the  sanitary  inspector  every  day. 

The  Committees  on  Factories  and  Industries  take  turns  in  visiting 
the  establishments  that  are  about  to  be  opened,  on  receipt  of  the 
petitions  which  the  proprietors  address  to  the  district  government,  and 
of  which  the  latter  notifies  the  board. 

Once  the  visit  is  made,  and  bearing  in  mind  the  detailed  report 
which  is  rendered  in  every  case,  specifying  if  the  legal  requisites  have 
been  fulfilled  and  giving  an  opinion  as  to  the  importance  of  those  which 
have  been  omitted,  the  board  then  determines  whether  it  will  grant  or 
refuse  the  petitions  presented  by  the  owners. 

The  same  inspection  is  carried  out  whenever  any  complaint  is  re- 
ceived as  to  the  existing  establishments,  whenever  the  committees  con- 
siders it  necessary,  or  the  board  should  so  order  it,  because  it  is  con- 
sidered desirable  for  the  public  health. 

The  Committee  on  Drugstores  makes  regular  and  frequent  visits  of 
inspection  to  all  the  wholesale  and  retail  drugstores  that  are  found  in 
the  city  and  in  the  principal  towns  of  the  district,  exercising  the  greatest 
vigilance  and  utmost  severity  in  order  to  correct  and  punish,  as  may  be 

160 


necessary,  the  infringements  that  may  be  discovered  against  the  special 
regulations  in  force. 

Thanks  to  the  activity  and  perseverance  with  which  these  inspec- 
tions have  been  carried  out,  it  is  now  an  established  rule  that  every  such 
establishment  shall  always  have  a  responsible  pharmacist  employed, 
that  the  preparation  of  prescriptions  is  carefully  attended  to,  that  they 
are  all  provided  with  the  substances,  apparatus  and  utensils  which  are 
required  by  the  regulations,  and  that  the  watchfulness  and  inspection  on 
the  part  of  the  professor  is  constant  and  efficacious. 

The  Committee  on  Inhumations,  Exhumations  and  Removal  of 
Bodies  takes  care  that  in  the  actual  cemeteries  all  the  demands  of 
hygiene  are  properly  complied  with ;  it  visits  and  reports  on  all  cases 
which  are  referred  to  it  by  the  board  respecting  the  opening  of  new 
cemeteries,  as  well  as  on  anything  relating  to  premature  or  judicial  ex- 
humations. 

The  Committee  on  Epidemology  receives  the  notice  which  all 
physicians  are  obliged  to  give  whenever  they  attend  any  persons  who  are 
attacked  by  infecto-contagious  diseases.  It  at  once  advises  the  sanitary 
inspecting  physician  who  has  charge  of  that  part  of  the  city,  so  that  he 
can  visit  the  patient,  and  above  all  things  ascertain  that  he  is  properly 
isolated  or  otherwise  advise  his  removal  to  the  hospital,  which  removal 
is  at  once  ordered  by  the  committee.  The  sanitary  inspector  ascertains 
during  his  visit  that  all  the  necessary  precautions  are  taken  to  avoid 
contagion  and  the  propagation  of  the  disease.  He  gives  instructions  as 
to  the  proper  methods  of  disinfecting  the  clothing  and  the  dejecta  of 
the  patients.  He  takes  notes  of  the  sex,  age,  time  that  the  patient  has 
been  sick,  and  the  probable  cause  of  the  disease.  At  the  same  time,  he 
makes  a  careful  inspection  of  all  the  rooms  in  the  house,  looks  at  the 
condition  of  the  drains,  the  closets,  and  all  conduits  which  are  used  to 
drain  the  building.  He  ascertains  that  there  are  no  rubbish  heaps,  mud, 
or  any  other  substance  that  could  be  injurious  to  the  health  of  the 
residents,  that  the  water  pipes  are  clean,  free  from  any  danger  of  filtra- 
tion and  do  not  communicate  with  the  drains,  and  lastly,  he  takes  notes 
of  all  the  causes  of  insalubrity  which  exist  in  that  street,  specially  re- 
porting whether  the  water  supply  pipes  pass  through  it,  and  whether 
there  is  a  proper  sewerage.  On  all  these  points,  he  presents  a  detailed 
report  at  once,  which  is  referred  to  one  of  the  two  Committees  on  Dwell- 
ing Houses,  so  that  in  view  of  this  document  it  may  decide  on  the 
works  which  are  to  be  executed  in  order  to  improve  the  hygienic  con- 
ditions of  the  houses  that  have  been  inspected. 

To  the  Committee  on  Veterinary  Matters  pertains  the  inspection 
of  the  slaughter  houses,  dairies,  and  hog  yards,  watchfulness  over 
butcher  shops,  and  everything  else  that  has  reference  to  epizootics  with 
the  object  of  avoiding  their  appearance  and  development. 

The  Committee  on  Judicial  Matters  looks  after  all  questions  which 
on  account  of  their  special  character  are  immediately  connected  with 

161 


jurisprudence,  and  it  also  acts  as  an  advisor  to  the  other  committees 
whenever  any  doubt  arises  as  to  the  strict  application  of  the  law. 

One  of  the  most  important  dependencies  of  the  board  is  the  in- 
spection of  food  and  drink,  which  is  under  the  immediate  care  of  the 
member  of  the  board  who  has  charge  of  the  first  Committee  on  Food. 
The  inspection  of  these  substances  is  either  made  directly  by  the  analyt- 
ical chemists  who  visit  the  establishments  with  all  the  requisites  de- 
manded by  the  laws  in  force,  and  who  in  every  case  prepare  a  minute 
in  which  they  set  down  all  the  incidents  of  the  visit  and  the  results 
obtained  through  the  analysis  of  the  inspected  articles,  or  else  by  col- 
lections of  samples  which  are  taken  by  the  agents  of  the  inspecting 
department  on  a  special  order  issued  by  the  analytical  chemists.  These 
orders  specify  the  class  of  the  sample  which  is  to  be  taken  as  well  as 
the  establishment  that  is  to  be  visited.  Of  the  substances  that  are  col- 
lected, one  part  is  well  wrapped  up  and  sealed  and  is  left  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  owner  or  manager  of  the  establishment,  while  the  other 
is  taken  to  the  chemical  laboratory  and  there  properly  analyzed.  On 
the  minute  which  is  made  out  in  due  form  at  the  time  of  collecting  the 
samples,  the  chemist  who  has  made  the  analysis  notes  the  result,  and 
on  that  same  document  the  committee  fixes  the  penalty  which  is  to  be 
imposed  whenever  the  article  is  found  to  be  altered  or  adulterated. 

The  analyses  which  are  made  in  the  chemical  laboratory  are  of  such 
substances  as  milk,  coffee,  tea,  bread,  wine,  beer,  oil,  sweets,  and  gener- 
ally everything  that  is  susceptible  of  adulteration  or  decomposition,  as 
at  times  happens  with  cold  meats,  canned  food,  fish,  etc.  The  chemical 
laboratory  of  the  board  is  set  up  in  the  same  building  which  it  occupies, 
and  is  properly  provided  with  all  the  utensils,  re-agents,  and  apparatus 
necessary  for  the  important  and  delicate  labors  to  which  it  is  dedicated. 

The  application  of  preventative  vaccine  is  one  of  those  branches  to 
which  the  board  has  given  great  attention,  and  great  zeal  has  been 
shown  in  the  distribution  of  this  preservative  every  day  in  the  central 
office,  which  is  situated  in  one  of  the  departments  of  the  building 
occupied  by  the  board.  The  assistants  to  the  curator  vaccinate  in  the 
parish  churches  of  the  city,  the  sanitary  inspectors  in  the  police  stations 
of  their  respective  wards,  and  in  the  outside  towns  or  the  Federal  Dis- 
trict the  vaccination  is  attended  to  by  the  inspectors  of  those  towns. 

The  very  important  disinfection  service  is  under  the  direct  charge 
of  a  member  of  the  Committee  on  Epidemology,  and  the  staff  consists 
of  a  chief,  a  machinist,  a  caretaker  of  the  disinfected  clothing,  a 
coachman  with  his  assistant,  and  four  employees  for  the  disinfection  of 
the  houses.  This  disinfection  is  practiced  in  the  dwellings  where  any 
case  has  appeared  of  typhus,  typhoid,  small-pox,  scarlatina  or  diphtheria. 
After  collecting  the  clothing  of  the  patients  in  order  to  carry  them 
off  at  once  to  the  stove,  the  disinfection  of  the  dwelling  rooms  is  effected 
by  means  of  the  irrigation  apparatus  for  which  purpose  a  solution  of 
bichloride  of  mercury  is  employed  at  I  to  1000.  The  disinfection  of 

162 


the  furniture  is  also  carried  out  with  this  solution,  or  better  still 
with  a  solution  of  carbolic  acid  at  5  per  cent.  In  some  cases  bread 
crumb  is  employed  for  disinfecting  pictures  and  fine  paintings.  On 
some  occasions  a  solution  of  lime  is  employed  for  the  closets,  and 
creoline  for  destroying  bad  odors.  The  disinfection  department  is 
situated  in  the  Plazuela  de  San  Pablo,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
Juarez  Hospital. 

The  anti-hydrophobia  inoculations  are  made  every  day  by  a  member 
of  the  board,  who  has  special  charge  of  this  service.  The  preservation 
of  the  medulre  and  the  preparation  of  the  liquid  for  injection  is  carried 
out  in  the  bacteriological  laboratory,  which  is  also  established  in  the 
same  building  with  the  board.  Among  the  many  labors  which  are 
executed  in  this  laboratory,  we  may  specially  mention  the  analysis  of 
water,  the  examination  of  diphtheric  products,  the  preparation  of  every- 
thing required  by  the  Pasteur  anti-rabic  treatment,  and  the  preparation 
and  application  of  the  anti-leprous  serum  of  Dr.  Carasquillo. 

The  board  publishes  a  monthly  bulletin  which  is  the  organ  of  the 
corporation,  and  care  is  taken  to  publish  all  the  official  data  relating  to 
the  labors  of  the  laboratories,  the  committee  of  the  board,  the  sanitary 
medical  inspectors,  the  reports  of  vaccine  administered,  of  the  mortality, 
tables  showing  the  disinfections  that  have  been  made  and  the  anti- 
rabic  inoculations  that  have  been  practiced,  together  with  reading 
matter  on  the  most  essential  precepts  of  hygiene  with  the  object  of 
spreading  a  knowledge  on  the  subject. 

With  this  object,  these  articles  are  short,  clear,  concise,  and  avoid 
all  scientific  technicisms,  so  as  to  bring  them  within  the  reach  of  every 
intelligence.  They  are  edited  in  turn  by  the  scientific  staff  of  the 
board,  and  the  publication  of  the  bulletin  is  under  the  charge  of  a 
special  committee  and  is  managed  by  the  chief  clerk  of  the  secretary. 

The  staff  of  the  secretary's  office,  according  to  the  present  appro- 
priations, consists  of  a  general  secretary,  a  chief  clerk,  three  subordinate 
chiefs,  one  of  whom  attends  to  one  of  the  three  sections  into  which  the 
office  is  divided  for  the  better  attendance  to  the  business;  one  cor- 
responding clerk  also  in  charge  of  the  archives,  a  treasurer,  six  writing 
clerks,  three  messengers,  two  others  for  the  chemical  laboratory,  one  for 
the  bacteriological  laboratory,  and  one  janitor. 

Each  section  looks  after  a  well  defined  branch  of  the  business,  and 
gives  timely  attention  to  all  questions  brought  before  it.  The  third 
section  has  exclusive  charge  of  everything  that  is  connected  with  the 
statistics,  and  this  important  branch  of  the  business  is  being  continually 
improved.  In  order  to  take  full  advantage  of  the  work  of  this  section, 
it  is  under  the  charge  of  a  medical  man.  The  secretary-general  is  also 
a  medical  man,  with  the  object  of  facilitating  his  attendance  to  technical 
matters  by  a  through  understanding  of  his  business. 

The  offices  of  the  hoard  can  be  considered  as  divided  into  three 
principal  departments :  in  the  first  is  a  room  dedicated  to  the  work  of 

163 


the  committees,  another  is  given  up  to  the  president,  while  a  large 
hall,  which  is  arranged  according  to  the  rules  of  hygiene,  serves 
for  the  sessions  of  the  board. 

The  second  department  contains  the  necessary  offices  and  has  five 
rooms  in  which  are  established  the  three  sections,  the  general  secretary, 
and  the  archives  of  the  corporation.  All  these  departments  are  pro- 
vided with  the  necessary  furniture  and  utensils  for  attending  to  the 
business  that  comes  before  them. 

In  the  third  department,  and  separated  from  the  others  by  a  cor- 
ridor, are  the  chemical  and  bacteriological  laboratories.  The  former  is 
an  ample  and  well  situated  room,  and  the  second  consists  of  several 
rooms  in  which  the  stoves  and  other  utensils  are  conveniently  arranged, 
each  room  being  adapted  to  the  character  of  the  work  or  investigation 
to  which  it  is  dedicated.  There  is  also  a  proper  place  for  the  cages  of 
rabbits  which  have  been  inoculated  with  anti-rabic  serum,  as  well  as 
other  animals  or  birds  which  are  kept  for  the  practice  of  scientific 
experiments. 

In  one  of  the  passages,  a  series  of  closets  and  a  urinal  have  been 
established,  both  of  which  satisfy  every  requisite  stipulated  in  the  sewer 
regulations,  and  which  can  be  consulted  by  the  owners  of  buildings,  so 
as  to  serve  as  an  object  lesson  in  the  proper  way  of  setting  them  up  in  their 
own  buildings. 

On  the  lower  floor  of  the  same  building  and  with  a  door  to  En- 
carnacion  Street,  are  two  large  rooms  which  are  dedicated  to  the  appli- 
cation of  Jenner  vaccine  and  the  anti-rabic  serum  of  Pasteur. 


NOTE  XII 

The  Federal  Government  has  decided  to  put  under  one  exclusive 
administration  and  direction  the  four  different  hospitals  located  in  the 
central  portion  of  the  City  of  Mexico,  and  destined  to  take  care  of  the 
sick,  (corresponding  to  the  charitable  institutions  which  are  dependent 
upon  the  Department  of  the  Interior).  There  is  room  in  this  hospital 
for  eight  hundred  patients  and  eventually  this  number  can  be  increased 
to  nine  hundred  It  will  be  called  Hospital  General  because  it  is 
destined  to  receive  all  kind  of  patients  excepting  the  insane  and  the 
criminal. 

Its  objects  will  be:  First:  Good  assistance  to  the  patients;  and 
second :  To  contribute  to  the  teaching  of  medicine,  and  eventually  to 
the  hygienic  education  of  the  patients  and  inferior  employees  of  the 
institution. 

In  regard  to  the  disposition  and  distribution  of  wards,  apartments 
intended  for  general  service,  sanitary  installations,  furniture,  etc.,  great 
efforts  have  been  made  to  make  the  building  appear  a  fine  piece  of  art 

164 


as  well  as  to  follow  out  the  fundamental  idea  of  the  institution.  After 
having  examined  twenty-two  different  places  in  the  outskirts  of  the 
city,  the  one  located  at  the  southwestern  part  was  selected,  measuring 
170,776  square  meters,  of  which  Mr.  Pedro  Serrano  donated  115,542 
square  meters.  Although  this  place  is  located  out  of  the  city,  it  can  be 
easily  reached  by  means  of  a  carriage,  on  horseback,  or  on  foot.  The 
street  railways  from  the  city  pass  by  the  east  and  west  sides,  and  several 
of  the  branches  of  street  car  lines  have  been  lately  built  leading  to  the 
main  entrance  as  well  as  to  the  secondary  ones  of  the  hospital.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  west  side  by  the  Avenue  of  la  Piedad  with  its  four  rows 
of  trees,  and  on  the  other  side  by  the  Sanitary  Zone.  Two  rows  of 
trees  separate  the  hospital  from  the  surrounding  buildings  and  serve,  at 
the  same  time,  to  purify  the  air  in  the  hospital. 

The  subjects  in  which  treatment  will  be  given  at  this  institution  will 
be  as  follows : 

1.  Medicine. 

2.  Surgery  with  its  different  branches. 

3.  Venereo-syphilitic  diseases. 

4.  Children's  diseases. 

5.  Obstetrics. 

6.  Tuberculosis. 

7.  Leprosy. 

8.  Typhoid  fever. 

9.  Infectious  children's  diseases. 
10.     Infectious  puerperal  diseases. 

n.     Non-infected  patients,  paying  certain  fee. 

12.  Infected  adult  patients. 

13.  A  lay ing-in -ward  room. 

The  non-infected  patients  will  be  divided  into  two  large  depart- 
ments, entirely  separated,  one  for  men,  and  the  other  for  women. 
There  will  be  also  a  department  of  gynecology,  and  an  obstetrics  oper- 
ation room,  and  ventilated  laying-in-ward  room  besides. 

A  large  ward  for  those  patients  who  suffer  from  all  kinds  of  puer- 
peral diseases  will  also  be  built.  Those  who  suffer  from  tuberculosis, 
leprosy,  typhoid  fever,  and  other  contagious  diseases,  will  be  placed  in 
their  respective  departments  absolutely  independent  one  from  another. 
So,  the  General  Hospital  will  be  made  up  of  a  certain  number  of 
especial  hospitals  all  located  on  the  same  grounds,  and  under  a  sole 
common  administration.  In  order  to  make  clear  the  distribution  of 
patients  it  has  been  necessary  to  group  them  into  two  large  divisions : 
non-infected  and  infected  patients.  Those  of  the  first  class  shall  be 
divided  into  four  sections,  viz : 

Department  of  women. 

Department  of  men. 

Department  of  children. 

Department  of  maternity. 

165 


The  rooms  for  the  infected  patients  will  be  classified  as  follows : 

1.  Department  of  gynecology.     The  room  occupied  by  this  de- 
partment is  separate  from  the  rest  of  them  by  means  of  a  small  wall 
with  a  door  which  gives  access  to  the  interior  of  the  building,  having 
another  door  for  the  exit. 

2.  Department  of  infectious  puerperal  diseases.     In   the  depart- 
ment  of   maternity,   although    entirely   isolated,  is   situated   the   sub- 
department  of  infected  women.      This  ward  will  be  carefully  divided 
into  two  sections :     One  room  will  be  occupied  by  those  patients  whose 
symptoms  are  not  well  defined  and  the  other  is  intended  for  the  already 
patients  of  puerperal  diseases. 

3.  Department  of  infectious  children's  diseases. 

4.  Department  of  tuberculosis. 

5.  Department  of  typhoid  fever. 

6.  Department   of  contagious  adults'  diseases   (small-pox,  scarlet 
fever,  etc). 

7.  Department  of  leprosy. 

At  the  entrance  of  the  hospital,  and  near  the  eastern  portion  of 
the  wards,  there  is  another  department  exclusively  made  for  those 
patients  whose  sickness  do  not  present  the  characteristics  of  a  well  de- 
fined disease.  This  department  is  divided  up  into  two  rooms,  one 
occupied  by  men  and  the  other  for  women.  In  each  of  these  isolated 
rooms  the  patients  will  remain  until  the  disease  from  which  they  suffer 
is  completely  determined,  and  then  they  are  taken  to  their  corresponding 
department.  The  wards  are  situated  in  the  southern  portion  of  the 
hospital,  receiving  constantly  the  pure  air  and  the  sunlight.  The 
windows  overlooking  the  north  side  will  be  widely  opened  in  order  to 
ventilate  the  rooms,  as  in  the  City  of  Mexico  the  prevailing  air  comes 
from  the  north.  Each  department  of  non-infected  patients  will  be  sep- 
arated from  the  next  one  by  a  space  measuring  fifteen  meters,  and 
this  space  is  enlarged  for  all  other  departments  that  are  to  be  separated 
by  a  wall.  The  engineer  in  charge  of  the  work  had  to  cope  with  many 
obstacles  to  increase  the  distance  between  the  buildings  on  account  of 
the  necessary  increasing  extension  of  the  grounds,  the  enormous  amount 
of  money  for  cultivation  and  preservation  of  the  gardens,  and  the  great 
difficulty  in  the  service  by  the  increasing  of  the  paths  which  lead  to  the 
different  departments.  These  difficulties  and  those  which  arise  from 
the  methods  of  disinfection  made  the  engineer  change  his  plans  and  so 
reduce  the  distances  between  the  buildings.  For  if  these  were  increased, 
the  area  of  the  grounds  would  have  to  be  enlarged  and  this  increase  in 
space  would  have  to  be  at  the  rate  of  400  square  meters  for  every  lineal 
meter. 

Besides  the  departments  for  the  patients  there  will  be  some  build- 
ings for  the  regular  service  of  the  hospital,  which  are  to  be  located 
between  the  men's  and  women's  departments.  These  buildings  will  be 
named  as  follows : 

166 


1.  The  administration  buildings,  with  their  surrounding  depend- 
encies, will  be  built  for  amphitheaters,  for  storing  clothes  and  surgical 
instruments,  washstands,  etc.     The  lower  floor  is  to  be  occupied  by  the 
library,  and  a  reception  room  will  be  made  in  which  the  sessions  of  the 
board  are  to  be  held. 

2.  The   operating   room,   which  is  to  be  built   upon   the   same 
plan   as  that   of  the    amphitheater  of    Roosevelt   Hospital  of    New 
York. 

3.  Apartments  for  the  employees  of  the  institution. 

4.  General  service  building. 

5.  Baker's  shop. 

6.  Department  of  pharmacy. 

7.  Department   of  hydrotherapy,  with  regular  baths,  immersion 
baths,  shower  baths,  Turkish  baths,  etc. 

8.  Department  of  mecanotherapy  and  gymnasium. 

9.  Department    of   electro-therapeutics   and   radiography  which 
will  embrace  also  a  small  department  of  radioscopy. 

I  a     Laundry  shop. 

H.     Disinfection  department. 

12.  Boiler  house. 

13.  Deposit  of  cadavers. 

14.  Dissecting  room. 

15.  Institute  of  pathological  and  bacteriological  anatomy,  biolog- 
ical  chemistry,   and   experimental   pathology.     This   building  contains 
also  some  annexed  ones  for  libraries,  autopsy  rooms,  and  an  anatomical 
museum,  this  having  at  present  over  3,000  specimens. 

All  these  buildings  are  located  on  an  area  of  170,000  square  meters 
of  which  amount  55,000  square  meters  will  be  set  apart  to  gardens  and 
avenues.  This  vast  area  will  be  enclosed  by  a  wall,  which  will  con- 
tribute to  make  all  the  buildings  appear  as  if  they  constitute  but  one 
unit.  Surrounding  the  wall  there  is  a  large  row  of  trees  (twenty  meters 
wide)  called  the  Sanitary  Zone  that  has  been  planted  for  the  purpose  of 
separating  the  hospital  from  all  the  houses  which  might  be  built  in  its 
neighborhood.  The  row  of  trees  will  also  serve  to  isolate  the  buildings 
of  the  hospital  as  well  as  to  purify  the  air. 

A  special  and  thorough  method  of  draining  will  be  carried  through- 
out the  hospital  grounds.  The  most  perfect  system  of  irrigation  will 
be  put  into  practice  so  as  to  make  the  hospital  the  cleanest  place  in  the 
city.  Water  (i 66  litres  per  person  daily)  will  come  from  the  artesian 
wells  and  from  the  Public  Water  Works  of  the  city.  That  which  is  to 
be  used  for  the  sprinkling  of  gardens  and  general  washing  of  the 
hospital  will  come  through  the  canal  that  goes  to  Xochimilio  Lake^ 
There  are  also  water  reservoirs  in  several  parts  of  the  grounds  to  supply 
all  the  departments  of  the  hospital.  A  water  reservoir  situated  at  con- 
venient height  is  to  be  exclusively  reserved  for  the  bathing  rooms  of  the 
departments. 

167 


In  order  to  make  easier  the  service  of  carrying  food,  medicines,  etc., 
a  motor  wagon  (Decauville)  will  run  through  all  the  wards. 

The  engineer  had  also  the  good  idea  of  placing  movable  platforms 
so  as  to  make  the  service  work  easier.  The  transportation  of  medicines 
and  clothes  will  take  place  on  wagons  and  by  means  of  a  special 
mechanism.  Electric  light  will  be  installed  in  all  the  departments. 

A  telephone  service  will  put  all  the  buildings  into  communication 
with  the  superintendent's  and  technic-director's  offices. 

There  will  be  in  all  the  departments  wall  clocks  connected  by 
means  of  electricity  with  the  clocks  of  the  superintendent's  office,  so  that 
all  of  them  will  keep  the  same  time. 

The  transportation  of  the  patients  to  the  hospital  will  be  made  in 
four  ways,  as  follows : 

1.  The   infected    patients   will    be   taken   from   their   homes   by 
means  of   special  closed  carriages  to  the  hospital,  where  they  will  be 
disinfected  as  soon  as  they  arrive. 

2.  The  non-infected  patients  will  be  transported  in  special  litters 
made  for  the  purpose. 

3.  Syphilitic  women  sent  to  the  hospital  by  order  of  the  Board  of 
Sanity  are  to  be  taken  in  closed  omnibuses. 

4.  Patients  sent  by  their  doctor  to  the  dispensary  of  the  hospital 
are  to  be  taken  in  ambulances. 

In  the  central  part  of  the  City  of  Mexico  there  will  be  established 
registered  offices  for  those  patients  who  are  not  able  to  go  to  the  hos- 
pital. 


NOTE  XIII 

In  1888  the  capital  of  the  Republic,  having  determined  to  devise  a 
scheme  for  the  reconstruction  of  the  city  sewers,  appointed  a  special 
commission  of  engineers  to  study  the  necessary  documents  relative  to 
this  work. 

After  three  years  of  scrupulous  study  the  commission  presented  a 
project  in  a  detailed  report  which  was  submitted  for  the  examination  of 
the  engineer,  Mr.  Luis  Espinosa,  and  in  order  to  formulate  a  definite 
decision  the  City  Council  selected  a  commission  made  up  of  the  engineers, 
Messrs.  Manuel  M.  Contreras,  Leandro  Fernandez,  at  present  Secretary 
of  the  Department  of  Public  Promotion,  and  Luis  Espinosa,  who,  in 
conjunction  with  the  engineer,  Roberto  Gayol,  author  of  the  project, 
presented  the  final  report.  The  project  is  already  in  course  of  con- 
struction in  the  City  of  Mexico.  The  injection  of  water  is  to  be  em- 
ployed for  the  cleaning  of  the  sewers. 

In  order  to  perfect  the  details  of  the  work,  a  comparative  study  was 
made  of  the  water  systems  of  the  great  European  and  American  cities. 

1 63 


They  observed  how  each  of  the  difficulties  which  were  found  in  Mexico 
had  been  solved,  but  also  the  inconveniences  and  defects  were  noted 
in  every  case. 

The  most  important  part  of  the  work  in  its  execution  is  that  it  sat- 
isfies the  principal  point  of  all  sanitary  work,  namely,  that  it  is  simple  in 
its  form  and  details.  And  in  order  to  attain  that  result  in  the  surest 
possible  way  the  principle  of  not  doing  more  than  is  absolutely  necessary 
was  followed,  so  that  during  the  construction,  as  well  as  in  the  comple- 
tion, it  might  insure  the  final  sanitary  result. 

For  that  reason  the  details  were  carefully  studied  with  reference  to 
simplicity  in  the  construction.  Confidence  in  the  right  execution  of  the 
work  was  also  assured,  and  the  whole  system  can  be  easily  handled  with 
great  facility. 

To  appreciate  this  latter,  it  is  enough  to  notice  the  way  the  sewers 
are  placed ;  the  disposition  of  them,  being  the  leading  point  in  the  pro- 
ject, is  well  worthy  describing  in  brief.  This  description  will  be  better 
understood  if  *  Design  No.  i  is  carefully  examined  as  it  indicates  the 
kind,  distribution,  and  connections  under  the  limitations  fixed  by  the 
City  Council  in  ordering  the  carrying  out  of  this  project  to  improve  the 
sanitary  conditions  of  the  city.  The  quality  of  the  sewers  may  be 
distinguished  by  the  thickness  and  color  of  the  lines.  The  thick  red 
lines  show  the  course  followed  by  the  main  sewers ;  these  are  shown  in 
the  design  beginning  in  the  water  distributing  pipes  and  ending  in  the 
main  sewers.  Sometimes  when  the  topographical  irregularities  of  the 
city  require  that  some  of  the  lateral  sewers  divide  themselves,  the 
arrangement  given  to  them  will  allow  the  water  destined  to  clean  them  to 
reach  every  one  of  the  sewers,  as  special  care  has  been  taken  to  avoid 
isolated  ends  which  never  could  be  cleaned,  and  which  are  not  ad- 
mitted in  a  good  system  of  sewerage,  as  each  one  of  them  constitutes 
a  source  of  infection.  The  dangers  emanating  from  its  existence  have 
been  completely  avoided  and  the  fact  that  the  sewers  can  be  so  easily 
washed  serves  to  assure  that  they  will  be  kept  clean  and  in  right  work- 
ing condition. 

As  formerly  indicated,  the  water  from  La  Viga  Canal  will  be  used 
for  the  cleaning  of  sewers,  said  water  is  to  be  conveyed  to  the  southern 
end  of  1 2th  Street  through  a  branch  canal  already  built,  and  the  reser- 
voir from  which  the  water  is  taken  will  be  established  above  the  «  Gate 
of  La  Viga,"  and  for  this  purpose  the  necessary  flood-gate  will  be  built. 
With  a  portion  of  water  now  running  through  the  Viga  Canal  it  will 
be  possible  every  day  to  clean  all  the  city  sewerage,  transmitting  intermit- 
tently large  bodies  of  water.  These  will  pass  through  conduits  estab- 
lished in  the  more  gentle  slopes  with  a  swiftness  of  one  meter  per 
second,  although  in  some  instances  this  will  reach  two  meters  and  even 
more.  In  case  a  volume  of  water  of  about  six  cubic  meters  is  obtained, 
it  will  be  possible  to  establish  in  all  the  city  sewers  a  constant  current 
«  On  exhibition  in  the  Liberal  Arts  Exhibit  in  the  Mexican  Building. 
169 


of  water  whose  rapidity  will  never  be  less  than  sixty  centimeters 
per  second.  It  is  out  of  question  that  it  is  not  possible  to  transmit 
large  bodies  of  water  daily  through  all  the  sewers,  but  even  considering 
the  most  unfavorable  case  (let  us  suppose  this  event  should  occur),  it 
would  then  be  sufficient  to  send/cur  men  every  day  to  each  one  of  the 
zones.  And,  as  there  are  five  zones,  twenty  men  will  be  enough  to  clean 
all  the  sewers  every  day.  Having  only  taken  advantage  of  the  favorable 
circumstances,  and  not  because  the  project  reveals  any  special  ability, 
there  is  no  harm  in  calling  the  attention  to  the  fact  that  up  to  date  no 
city  in  the  world  can  clean  its  sewerage  every  day  as  can  be  done,  if 
necessary  for  so  doing,  in  the  City  of  Mexico. 

The  main  sewers  are  of  a  circular  section,  built  of  compressed 
brick  and  a  mixture  of  cement  and  hydraulic  lime,  but  the  bottom  is 
covered  with  cement  in  order  to  obtain  a  surface  as  smooth  and  compact 
as  possible.  The  diameter  of  these  sewers  does  not  exceed  1.75  meters, 
except  in  the  connecting  place  of  two  of  them,  there  being  there  2.50 
meters.  The  distributing  water  pipes  are  made  of  steel  seventy-five 
centimeters  in  diameter  and  four  milometers  in  thickness,  laid  longitudi- 
nally and  covered  inside  and  outside  with  an  asphalt  preparation  which 
will  preserve  them  forever  as  shown  by  experience.  The  lateral  sewers 
are  constructed  with  clay  pipes  of  a  circular  section,  vitrified  and  var- 
nished with  salt.  The  diameter  of  these  sewers  does  not  exceed  in  most 
cases  forty  centimeters,  and  only  as  an  exception  sometimes  reaches  to 
sixty  centimeters. 

The  size  of  the  sewers  was  a  question  carefully  studied  during 
many  years  of  constant  work  to  gather  what  was  necessary.  By  the 
study  of  these  papers  the  information  relative  to  the  undertaking  fol- 
lowed, as  well  as  all  considerations  upon  which  the  principals  that  were 
taken  as  a  basis  to  fix  the  capacity  of  the  conduit's  outlet,  were 
founded.  Through  the  same  places,  pipes  for  the  distribution  of  wash- 
ing water  will  be  built.  These  are  to  be  special  sewers  which  will 
receive  the  slop  and  rain  water  from  the  houses  located  in  those  places. 
These  conduits  will  empty  their  contents  periodically  into  the  main 
sewers,  and,  on  this  account,  they  have  been  made  of  a  smaller  size. 

The  unions,  connections,  and  bifurcations  of  the  sewers  are  made 
with  the  greatest  care  in  order  to  avoid  possible  obstacles  to  the  free 
running  of  the  liquids,  and  to  avoid  the  clashing  of  currents.  Great 
care  is  also  taken  to  lessen  the  effects  of  the  change  of  the  water 
course  by  making  conduits  steeper  in  the  curves.  The  pipes  for  the 
rain  water  were  carefully  studied  and  it  seems  that  a  satisfactory  result 
was  obtained  which  will  prevent  the  passing  of  rubbish  and  clay  from 
the  streets  to  the  sewers.  In  spite  of  this,  all  sorts  of  precautions  have 
been  taken  to  guard  against  the  obstruction  of  sewers,  and  although  it 
is  expected  that  with  the  current  of  water  all  danger  will  disappear,  the 
possibility  of  an  accidental  obstruction  has  been  foreseen  and  man- 
holes and  lamp-holes  are  in  construction.  This  allows  the  sewers  to  be 

170 


inspected  and  all  obstructions  can  be  removed  with  ease  without 
destroying  the  pavement  and  sewers.  No  matter  what  precautions  are 
taken  to  avoid  obstructions  in  the  sewers,  the  infectious  and  pestilent 
germs  would  remain,  but  it  being  a  principle  generally  admitted  that  the 
sewers  must  be  conveniently  ventilated,  the  details  relative  to  the  venti- 
lation of  same  were  carefully  studied  with  due  consideration  of  the  ex- 
perience already  acquired  in  European  and  American  cities  by  study 
and  observation  of  many  years.  From  these  studies  the  method  now 
being  followed  was  obtained. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  enter  in  details  interesting  only  to  people  who 
would  like  to  study  the  undertaking  deeply.  These  persons  can  refer 
to  the  information  departments,  where,  step  by  step,  all  the  details  are 
analyzed  and  the  reason  for  every  conclusion  explained. 

Desiring  to  finish  this  article,  we  will  refer  again  to  the  designs, 
where  general  details  can  be  had  which  will  show  in  the  best  manner 
the  system  of  the  sewer's  work.  For  instance,  *  Design  2  represents 
a  part  of  the  Valley  of  Mexco,  comprising  a  distance  of  twenty  kilo- 
meters around  the  City  of  Mexico.  In  that  design  the  course  to  be 
followed  by  the  water  from  the  Springs  of  Chalco  and  Xochimilco  is 
marshy,  being  marked  with  blue  lines.  This  water  from  the  springs  will 
pass  directly  to  the  canals  mentioned  in  «  Design  2,  and  will  go  to  the 
south  end  of  1 2th  Street  through  the  Viga  and  Derivation  Canals.  At 
the  end  of  1 2th  Street  and  near  to  the  ex -gate  of  "  La  Piedad  "  a  very 
powerful  pump  has  been  stationed,  which  will  elevate  1,000  litres  of 
water  per  second  and  discharge  it  into  a  steel  pipe  of  1.08  meters  in 
diameter  with  a  pressure  of  twelve  hectograms  per  square  centimeter. 
The  pump  engine  is  of  triple  expansion  and  condensation,  it  being  one 
of  the  most  perfect  ever  constructed.  The  water  elevated  by  the  pump 
will  reach  the  city  through  conduits,  branched  and  crossing  one  another 
between  the  sewers  as  shown  in  *  Designs  I  and  2.  In  the  sewers 
marked  with  red  ink  the  water  loses  its  purity  and  after  reaching  the 
grand  canal  is  thrown  out  of  the  valley  as  a  residue. 


NOTE  XIV 

The  Central  Deposit  and  the  Laboratory  of  Pharmacy  and  Chem- 
istry for  the  Public  Assistance  of  the  Federal  District  were  founded  in 
1880,  having  for  its  object  the  obtaining  in  a  more  efficacious  and  oppor- 
tune manner  the  treatment  of  the  patients  at  the  different  charitable 
institutions  belonging  to  the  Board  of  Public  Assistance.  Said  Deposit 
and  Laboratory  were  reorganized  in  1882  in  order  to  perfect  the  service  of 
the  former,  and  at  the  same  time  to  extend  the  pharmaceutical  products 
of  the  latter,  thus  improving  the  home  service  as  well  as  the  supplying 
*  On  exhibition  in  the  Liberal  Arts  Exhibit  in  the  Mexican  BuiMing. 


of  the  hospitals.  The  data  given  by  special  books  show  that  there  has 
been  671,572  patients  treated  at  the  different  charitable  institutions, 
•whose  expenses  reach  the  amount  of  $2 5,000  per  year.  The  direction 
and  administration  of  these  institutions  spent  the  the  sum  of  $7,500  per 
year. 

SAN  ANDRES  HOSPITAL.  The  building  in  which  this  hospital  is 
established  was  occupied  by  the  Jesuists  in  1767,  and  before  that  time 
it  served  as  a  Novitiate  of  the  same  order  of  Jesuists.  The  Novitiate 
was  founded  by  the  heirs  of  Mr.  Melchor  Cuellar  and  Mrs.  Maria  Nuno 
de  Aguilar.  The  work  of  building  began  in  1626  and  was  finished  in 
1642  after  having  met  with  innumerable  difficulties.  In  1650  the  build- 
ing was  abandoned  on  account  of  deterioration  and  lack  of  funds,  and 
it  remained  in  this  situation  for  the  period  of  sixteen  years,  and  at  the 
end  of  that  time  was  re-established  by  Mr.  Andres  Tapia  Carvajal,  who 
changed  the  name  of  Santa  Ana,  that  it  formerly  had,  for  that  of  San 
Andre's  which  still  remains.  The  work  of  re-establishment  lasted  till 
1714  and  since  that  time  it  remained  almost  abandoned 'till  1779,  at 
which  time  an  epidemic  of  small  pox  destroyed  8,821  lives.  Then  the 
Archbishop,  Rev.  Alonso  de  Haro  y  Peral,  asked  the  Viceroy  for  the 
building  in  order  to  accommodate  five  hundred  infected  persons.  When 
the  epidemic  ended  the  Archbishop  would  not  agree  to  give  up  the  hos- 
pital and  he  used  all  the  means  he  could  in  order  that  it  would  continue 
opened,  and  he  succeeded  at  last.  It  must  be  made  known  that  from 
September  26,  1784,  up  to  February  10,  1790,  the  hospital  spent  $500,000 
(Mexican  currency)  of  its  own  funds. 

San  Andres  Hospital  was  in  charge  of  the  Bishopric  of  Mexico 
until  the  issue  of  the  laws,  called  the  Reformed  Laws,  by  which  it  was 
placed  under  public  auction  by  the  Mexican  Government.  Then  it  was 
in  charge  of  the  institution  called  the  Sisters  of  Charity  (in  1871)  but 
they  delivered  it  to  the  Municipally  of  Mexico  as  they  preferred  to  leave 
the  country  rather  than  separate  themselves.  This  happened  on  account 
of  a  decree  of  the  Union  Congress,  sanctioned  by  the  Government  of  the 
Republic.  The  building  occupied  by  the  San  Andres  Hospital  is  vast 
and  commodious,  although  somewhat  dark.  It  has  undergone  several 
transformations,  however,  and  many  departments  have  been  added. 
Among  these  latter  is  a  women's  ward  which  actuallv  satisfies  all  the 
demands  of  hygiene  and  modern  progress.  The  hospital  is  constantly 
attended  by  the  best  professors  of  the  School  of  Medicine  of  the 
City  of  Mexico,  by  doctors  of  the  highest  reputation  in  the  Republic,  by 
eminent  professors  in  medicine,  and  by  the  best  learned  physicians  and 
skillful  surgeons,  being  among  them  many  who  have  been  practicing  in 
famous  European  hospitals. 

San  Andres  Hospital  contains  thirteen  wards  and  it  can  easily  make 
room  for  three  hundred  and  twenty  patients.  Its  medical  staff  is  as 
follows :  A  director  general,  thirteen  chief  physicians,  thirteen  assis- 
tants, thirteen  interne  doctors,  thirteen  chief  nurses,  thirteen  supernum- 

172 


eraries  doctors,  twenty-six  subaltern  nurses,  three  pharmacists.  The 
annual  expenses  to  care  for  the  patients  reach  the  amount  of  £56,500. 
The  expenses  for  the  scientific  and  administrative  staff  are  £14,500 
making  an  annual  total  of  571,000. 

JUAREZ  HOSPITAL.  Father  Pedro  de  Gante  founded  a  church 
(San  Pablo)  which  was  administered  by  Franciscan  monks  as  a  branch 
of  a  parish  until  1569,  on  which  date  it  was  ceded  to  the  Archbishop  of 
Mexico  in  order  that  he  would  install  a  curate.  Later  on  the  Agustine 
Brothers  solicited  the  church  to  form  a  corporation  of  their  order,  and 
in  1575  they  succeeded  in  becoming  the  owners  of  the  building.  A  few 
years  later,  in  1581,  when  a  great  part  of  the  monastery  had  been  built, 
they  demolished  the  church  which  then  was  substituted  by  the  one  which 
actually  exists.  During  the  greatest  grandeur  of  the  monastic  orders, 
the  building  of  the  community  of  the  Agustine  Brothers  acquired  a  great 
name  and  fame,  but  it  soon  went  down  in  such  manner  that  it  became 
necessary  to  use  the  most  deteriorated  part  of  the  building  as  a  head- 
quarters. 

The  Municipality  of  San  Andres  having  a  contract  for  the  attend- 
ance of  the  patients,  was  in  debt  for  the  sum  of  £8,000  (Mexican  currency) 
and  on  account  of  this  fact  it  refused  to  the  hospital  the  right  of  receiv- 
ing patients,  but  it  once  happened  that  the  municipally  obliged  the 
hospital  to  admit  a  seriously  wounded  patient.  This  act  determined  an 
arrangement  by  which  the  municipality  was  obliged  to  pay  its  debt  in  a 
more  rapid  manner  than  it  should  otherwise.  The  deed  referred  to  be- 
came sufficient  to  suggest  the  idea  of  building  a  Municipal  Hospital 
that  could  be  kept  by  public  funds.  An  opportunity  was  awaited  to 
realize  that  project  when  the  war  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico 
was  declared,  and  the  building  of  San  Pablo  was  chosen  as  a  provisional 
hospital  for  the  wounded.  Mr.  Jose"  Urbano  Fonseca,  author  of  the 
enterprise,  solicited  diligently  that  the  part  alloted  for  headquarters 
would  be  conveniently  changed  and  the  new  Asilo  de  Beneficiencia 
should  be  opened  for  the  wounded  of  the  Battle  of  Padierna  (August 

23.  l847)- 

After  the  city  became  occupied  by  the  United  States  troops  the 
hospital  continued  to  serve  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  built,  and 
Mr.  Fonseca,  conquering  all  the  obstacles  he  had  to  meet  with,  suc- 
ceeded in  putting  up  forty  beds  for  men  and  twenty  for  women  and  for 
any  kind  of  patients  excepting  the  criminals,  who  were  taken  care  of 
at  the  San  Hipolito  building  until  Mr.  Miguel  Azcarate,  Governor  of 
the  Federal  District,  ordered  them  to  be  moved  to  San  Pablo  in 
1850. 

At  present  this  hospital  has  fifteen  wards  that  can  hold  six  hundred 
patients,  and  it  also  has  two  large  departments  for  the  contagious 
patients.  The  scientific  body  is  made  up  of  the  following  staff :  Fifteen 
head  doctors,  sixteen  undergraduate  doctors,  sixteen  assistants,  ten  head 
nurses,  fifteen  nurses,  two  pharmacists. 

'73 


There  have  been  treated  annually  212,272  patients,  and  the  annual 
expenses  to  care  for  them  reached  the  sum  of  t$ l  .000 ;  annual  expenses 
for  the  management,  $21,000. 

MORELOS  HOSPITAL.  Several  hospitals  had  been  established  in 
the  City  of  Mexico  as  the  Hospital  de  Jesus  founded  by  Mr.  Fernando 
Cortes ;  El  Real  erected  by  the  King  of  Spain  and  only  for  the  use  of 
the  Indians ;  the  Amor  de  Dios,  for  the  syphilitic  patients,  which  was 
built  by  the  Archbishop  Zumarraga,  and  many  other  hospitals  that 
owed  their  existence  to  the  philanthropist  and  venerable  Mr.  Albino 
Alvarez,  who  also  founded  a  charitable  order  in  San  Hipolito. 

As  the  population  of  the  City  of  Mexico  grew  larger  and  the  epi- 
demics increased,  the  mortality  went  up  to  a  high  degree,  and  Dr.  Pedro 
Lopez,  one  of  the  first  professors  in  New  Spain,  saw  the  necessity  of 
building  a  new  hospital.  This  he  accomplished  with  his  own  fortune, 
which  was  large  and  having  only  for  a  motto  his  love  for  the  unfor- 
tunate. So,  all  the  expenses  that  the  hospital  incurred  were  met  by 
Mr.  Lopez. 

The  Sisters  of  Charity  took  charge  of  this  hospital  from  1845  to 
December  20,  1864,  in  which  time  they  left  the  country  of  their  own  free 
will.  The  I2th  of  July  (1868)  all  the  syphilitic  patients  of  the  San 
Andres  Hospital  were  removed  to  the  San  Juan  de  Dios  Hospital  At 
present  there  are  treated  in  this  hospital  two  hundred  and  thirty-eight 
patients,  located  in  seven  wards.  The  scientific  staff  comprises  seven 
doctors,  seven  post-graduate  doctors,  one  individual  to  take  care  of  the 
surgical  instruments,  two  pharmacists,  six  chief  nurses,  and  three  nurses. 
1 1 3,087  patients  have  been  treated  in  this  hospital  and  their  expenses 
amount  to  $30,000.  The  annual  expenses  of  the  administration  are 
£2,000,  resulting  in  the  total  amount  of  Si  12,000. 

THE  ORPHAN  HOME  LA  CUNA.  In  the  year  1776,  there  arrived 
in  the  City  of  Mexico  as  Archbishop  of  the  diocese,  the  Rev.  Francisco 
Antonio  Lorenzana  y  Butron,  and  this  worthy  prelate  bought  with  his 
own  money  the  building  in  which  the  asylum  was  to  be  established.  He 
endowed  the  institution  with  a  service  equal  to  the  Inclusa  of  Madrid, 
and  carried  all  the  expenses,  exercising  all  his  active  influence  in  order 
that  the  asylum  might  become  a  good  institution.  This  went  on  up  to 
1771,  on  which  date  the  Archbishop  returned  to  Spain.  But,  although 
Archbishop  Lorenzana  ceased  to  give  his  moral  and  material  protection 
to  House  of  la  Cuna,  his  benefactory  work  was  followed  by  his  worthy  suc- 
cessor, Rev.  Alonso  Nunez  de  Haro  y  Peralta,  who  not  only  gave  12,400 
annually  of  his  own  money,  but  attended  to  its  necessities  in  an  earnest 
•way  regardless  of  the  obstacles  that  he  had  to  meet  with.  He  founded 
also  an  order  called  Orden  de  Caridad  that  took  charge  of  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  institution.  Being  the  Rev.  Nunez  de  Haro  (perpetual 
administrator  of  the  Orphan  Home)  in  Spain,  his  experience  and  talent 
were  sufficient  to  exercise  a  great  influence  in  the  government.  As  a 

174. 


result  of  this  the  rules  which  he  formed  for  the  order  were  apprqved  by 
royal  decree  July  19,  1774,  obtaining  at  the  same  time  spontaneous 
congratulations  of  Charles  III  and  his  Council. 

From  January  2ist,  1772,  La  Cuna  was  located  at  the  house 
No.  3,  Puente  de  la  Merced  Street  La  Cuna  was  re-built  in  1898  with 
an  endowment  of  $15,000  made  by  Mrs.  Lamadrid.  The  building  con- 
tains some  rooms  for  teaching  purposes  and  different  departments.  It 
gives  room  to  one  hundred  and  eighty-seven  children  and  the  necessary 
nurses.  Its  attendant's  staff  is  made  up  of  eighteen  servants  and 
twenty-two  employees  belonging  to  the  administrative  and  educational 
staff. 

A  Department  of  Inspection  of  nurses  has  lately  been  added.  This 
has  for  its  principal  object  the  inspection  of  women  who  are  to  nurse  the 
children,  the  assurance  of  their  perfect  health,  and  the  quality  of  their 
milk.  So,  the  asylum  has  today  a  perfect  service  of  trained  nurses. 
The  annual  expenses  of  the  asylum  are  $  18,000  and  the  administrative 
and  educational  staff  spend  $15,000  per  year.  So,  the  total  expenses 
reach  the  amount  of  $33,000  yearly. 

MATERNITY  HOME  FOR  WOMEN  AND  CHILDREN.  The  Rev.  Ortiz 
Corte"s,  Canon  of  the  Cathedral  of  the  City  of  Mexico,  as  well  as  many 
others  who  had  the  glory  to  be  founders  of  this  institution,  established  a 
Department  of  Concealed  Parturition,  as  it  was  called,  being  situated  in 
the  place  occupied  today  by  the  Maternity  Home.  This  hospital  was 
exclusively  made  for  those  persons  that  through  necessity  had  to  conceal 
themselves,  and  for  those  women  who  lacked  necessary  funds  after  de- 
livery. 

The  widow  of  the  so-called  Emperor  Maximilian  conceived  the  idea 
of  rebuilding  the  Home,  whose  useful  aim  was  of  great  importance  to 
her.  Thus,  firm  in  her  idea,  she  succeeded  in  carrying  out  her  plan,  and, 
as  president  of  the /««/<*  de  Benejicencia^  she  ordered,  April  7ih,  1865, 
that  the  Maternity  Home  should  be  built,  and  she  trusted  the  manage- 
ment of  the  work  to  the  architect,  Bustillos.  The  building  was  finished 
in  1866,  after  having  cost  $i 1,194. 

The  furniture,  clothes,  and  other  articles  cost  $2,820,  and  the  Minis- 
ter of  the  Interior  inaugurated  the  Home  June  7th,  1866. 

In  1848,  Dr.  Luis  Fernandez  Gallardo  opened  a  department  for  chil- 
dren at  the  San  Andres  Hospital  which  cost  $300,000.  For  this  he 
counted  on  the  backing  of  the  municipality.  Mr.  Pio  Bermejillo,  and 
other  parties,  gave  the  beds  and  other  useful  articles. 

In  1869,  Mrs.  Anazola  de  Baz,  who  was  in  charge  of  the  Maternity 
Home,  conceived  the  idea  of  moving  the  children  from  the  department 
of  San  Andres  to  the  place  which  they  occupy  at  present,  and  at  the 
same  time  she  obtained  from  Mr.  Sebastian  Lerdo  de  Tejada,  Minister  of 
Foreign  Relations  at  that  time,  one  section  of  the  building  and  $3,000 
for  its  arrangement.  January  1 2th  of  the  same  year  the  City  Council  ap- 
proved the  removing  of  the  children,  and  ordered  that  the  hospital 


instead  of  being  called  San  Carlos  should  be  called  thereafter  "  The 
Maternity  Home  for  Women  and  Children." 

At  present  the  Maternity  Home  contains  seventy-five  female  pa- 
tients, first  and  second  departments  for  children,  a  consultation  room  for 
medical  purposes,  and  one  for  odontoloy.  The  scientific  staff  is  made 
up  of  six  doctors,  three  post-graduate  doctors,  three  trained  nurses,  ten 
nurses,  and  one  instrument  keeper.  The  expenses  incurred  by  the 
42,123  patients  treated  in  the  last  year  (1899)  were  $i  1,000.  Cost  of  the 
administrative  staff  per  year,  $6,500.  Total  expenses,  $17,500  per  year. 

THE  ESCUELA  INDUSTRIAL.  Mr.  Manuel  Eduardo  Goroztiza,  the 
celebrated  dramatic  writer,  foresaw  the  necessity  of  placing  the  young 
men  offenders  in  a  place  where  they  learned  to  return  to  the  right  path 
by  means  of  an  artistic  and  scientific  education,  as  well  as  the  constant 
teaching  of  good  moral  and  practical  principles.  He  at  last  succeeded 
in  founding  (in  1841)  a  Correction  School  which  was  opened  later  on  in 
one  of  the  departments  of  the  Poor  House.  In  accordance  with  the 
Department  of  the  Interior  this  school  constituted  an  independent 
asylum  for  young  men  offenders.  But,  although  the  establishment  was 
considered  as  a  branch  of  the  city  prison,  it  became  necessary  to  admit 
those  young  men  who  either  could  not  be  received  in  any  other  special 
school  on  account  of  lack  of  room  or  were  sent  there  for  their  correction 
and  instruction.  As  before  stated,  there  existed  in  the  Orphan  Home  a 
small  location  destined  to  receive  the  young  men  offenders,  but  this 
location  was  in  such  bad  condition  that  the  director  of  the  school  con- 
ceived the  idea  of  establishing  a  school  of  correctional  education  in  some 
agricultural  colony.  With  $4,000  appropriated  by  the  government  and 
$10,000  taken  from  the  school  fund,  an  edifice  was  built  located  near  the 
village  of  Coyoacan  at  the  surroundings  of  the  City  of  Mexico.  At  the 
end  of  March,  1881,  the  Junta  de  Beneficencia  took  possession  of  the 
building  which  is  the  best  one  in  the  city,  and  on  the  first  of  April  of  the 
next  year  the  young  men  who  were  stationed  at  the  Tecpan  were  moved 
to  it  Lately  there  has  been  spent  about  $20,000  in  building  improve- 
ments. The  schools  and  shops  are  under  the  supervision  of  twelve  pro- 
fessors, six  overseers,  two  chiefs,  and  seven  instructors.  There  is  a 
director,  a  prefect,  a  sub-prefect,  a  clerk,  a  physician,  and  thirty  servants. 
There  are  actually  four  hundred  and  twenty  pupils  attending  the  schools 
and  shops  every  day.  Expenses  of  the  pupils  reach  the  amount  of 
$40,000  per  year,  and  the  administration  expenses  are  $15,000,  the  total 
annual  amount  being  $55,000. 


176 


The  Index 


THE        INDEX 

DIVISION  I 
Agricultural  and  Dairy  Products 

Page 

3.     Introduction. 

GROUP  I 
Farm  Crops 
9.     Class  2.     Cereals. 
12.     Class  3.     Tubers  and  root  crops. 
12.     Class  5.     Agricultural  products  not  otherwise  classi- 
fied. 

GROUP  II 
Fibers  and  Fertilizers 

1 4.  Class  6.     Fibers  of  vegetable  origin.     Processes. 

15.  Classy.     Fibers  of  animal  origin.     Processes. 

1 6.  Class  8.     Non-edible  products  of  animal  origin. 

GROUP  IV 
Literature  and  Statistics 

17.  Class  12.     Agricultural  systems,  management,  and  pro- 

cesses. 
17.     Class  13.     Agricultural  statistics. 


DIVISION  III 

Live  Stock 
GROUP  x 

Domestic  Animals 
Class  33.     Cattle. 

GROUP  XIII 

Literature  and  Statistics 

Class  42.     Literature,  statistics,  history,  and  regulations 
pertaining  to  live  stock. 


DIVISION  IV 
Foods   and   their   Accessories 

GROUP  XIV 

Page       Coffees,   Teas,  Spices,  and  Essences 
25.     Class  43.     Coffees,  teas,  cocoas,  chocolates,  kola,  and 
their  substitutes. 

28.  Class  44.     Spices,  aromatics,  sauces,  chutneys,  curries, 

mustards,  pickles,  olives  and  other  rel- 
ishes, table  salts,  vinegars  and  other 
condiments,  herbs,  hops. 

29.  Class  45.     Essential  oils,  essences,  culinary  flavoring 

extracts. 

GROUP  XV. 
Sugars 

29.  Class  46.     Confectionery  and  sweets ;  cane,  beet,  sor- 

ghum, and  maple  sugars. 

30.  Class  47.     Glucose  ;  grape,  palm,  milk,  fruit  sugars ; 

syrups  and  molasses. 
30.     Class  48.     Honey. 

GROUP  XVI 
Preserved  Fruits 
30.     Class  49.     Preserves,  jams,  jellies,  marmalades. 

GROUP  XVII 

Nuts,  Mushrooms,  Dried  Fruits, 
and  Vegetables 

30.     Class  52.     Nuts. 


GROUP  XVIII 

Foods  Prepared  from  Cereals 
31.     Class  56.     Prepared  cereals,  breads,  biscuits,  pastries, 

cakes,  crackers. 

31.     Class  57.     Indian  corn  in  all  forms  as  table  food. 
31.     Class  59.     Starch  preparations  from  cereals,  tubers,  or 
pitch. 

180 


GROUP  XIX 
Beverages  for  Household  and  Other  Uses 

Page 

31.     Class  63.     Beverages,  non-alcoholic. 

31.  Class  64.  Beverages,  alcoholic,  blended,  mixed;  cor- 
dials, liqueurs,  bitters. 

33.     Class  65.     Spirits  for  use  in  the  arts 

33.  Class  66.  Malt  beverages ;  beers,  ales,  porters,  and 
special  preparations  containing  hops  and 
malt. 


DIVISION  V 
Horticulture 

Pomology,  Floriculture,    Viticulture 

Pomology 

37.     Introduction 

GROUP  XXIII 

Models 

41.     Class  8 1.     Casts  and  models  of  fruits;  imitations  in 
wax. 

GROUP  XXIV 
Methods  and  Appliances 

41.  Class  83.     Methods  of  preserving  fruits  by  cold  stor- 

age or  chemical  appliances  ;  their  keep- 
ing, packing,  and  shipping. 

GROUP  XXV. 
Literature 

42.  Class  84.     Literature,  history,  and  statistics. 

Floriculture 

GROUP  XXVII 

Pelargoniums 

42.     Class  90.     Fancy  varieties. 

181 


GROUP  XXVIII 

Pa  e  Flowering  Bulbous  Plants 

42.     Class  100.     Begonias. 

42.  Class  101.     Other  bulbous  flowering  plants. 

GROUP  XXXII 
Greenhouse  Flowering  Plants 

43.  Class  112.     Greenhouse  flowering  plants. 

GROUP  XXXIII 
Decorative  Plants 
43.     Class  113.     Palms. 

GROUP  XXXIV 
Orchids 

43.  Class  123.     Orchids. 

GROUP  XXXV 
Cactacea 

44.  Class  124.     Cactacese. 

GROUP  XXXVII 
Climbing  Plants 

45.  Class  130.     Tender  climbing  plants. 

GROUP  XXXVIII 
Wild  Plants 

45.  Class  132.     Native  wild  plants  and  flowers. 

GROUP  XLIV 
Literature 

46.  Class  146.     Literature,  history,  and  statistics  of  flori- 

culture. 

182 


Viticulture 
GROUP  XLVI 

Page  Wines  and  Brandies 

46.     Class  153.     White  wines. 

46.     Class  154.     Red  wines,   clarets,    zinfandels,   burgun- 
dies. 

46.  Class  155.     Sherry,  Madeira,  port. 

47.  Class  156.     Sparkling  Wines. 

47.     Class  158.     Brandy  of  all  kinds  ;  methods  and  appar- 
atus for  the  production  of  brandy. 


DIVISION  VI 
Forestry   and    Forest    Products 

53.     Introduction 

GROUP  XLVIII 

Commercial  Exhibits  (Forest  Products) 

55.  Class  1 60.     Wood,  unmanufactured  or  in  the  rough. 

Logs  and  sections  of  trees. 

56.  Class  162.     Woody     substances,     used    for     special 

purposes.  Wood  pulp,  dye  woods, 
tanning  woods  and  barks,  corks  and 
substitutes. 

57.  Class  163.     By-products.      Gums,    resins,    vegetable 

wax,  lichens,  mosses,  pulu,  etc.,  used 
for  bedding,  upholstery,  and  mechanical 
purposes. 


DIVISION  VIII 
Mines   and   Metallurgy 

61.     Introduction 

GROUP  LIV 

Mineral  Collections 

65.     Class  187.     Minerals,  ores,  native  metals,  gems,  crys- 
tals, and  geological  specimens. 

'83 


GROUP  LV 
Mining  Machinery,  Tools  and  Appliances 

Page 

70.  Class  195.  Originals  and  reproductions  of  early  and 
notable  implements  and  apparatus  used 
in  mining  and  metallurgy. 


GROUP  LVIII 

Machinery,  Tools,  and  Appliances  used  in 
Moving,  Delivering,  and  Storing 

Ores  and  Coal 
70.     Class  201.     Cars  and  dumping  machinery. 


GROUP  LIX 
Ores  and  Metallic  Products 

70.  Class  203.     Metallurgy  of  iron  and  steel,  machinery, 

methods  and  appliances. 

GROUP  LX 
Non-Metallic  Mineral  Products 

71.  Class  210.     Limestone,  cements,  and  artificial  stone. 

Methods  and  processes. 
71.     Class  212.     Clays  and  other  fictile  materials  and  their 

direct  products. 
71.     Class  213.     Salts,  sulphur,  pigments,and  miscellaneous 

useful  minerals  and  compounds. 

GROUP  LXI 
Mineral  Combustibles 
71.     Class  214.     Coal  and  coke. 

GROUP  LXII 
Quarry  Products 

71.  Class  218.     Marbles. 

72.  Class  219.     Ornamental  stones. 
72.     Class  220.     Building  stones. 


GROUP  LXIII 

Page  Literature  and  Statistics 

73.     Class  221.     Literature,  history,  and  statistics  of  min- 
ing and  metallurgy. 

Maps,  models,  and  pictures  illustrating  the 
geology  and  distribution  of  minerals 
and  mines  and  the  methods  of  working 
mines. 

Charts,  diagrams,  and  tabular  representa 

tions. 

Mine  engineering. 
Statistics  of  mining  and  metallurgy. 


DIVISION  X 
Electricity  and  Electrical 


Appli 


lances 


GROUP  LXXV 
Electric  Lighting 

77.     Class  284.     Arc  lighting. 

77.     Class  285.     Incandescent  lighting. 

77.     Class  286.     Regulating  and  controlling  devices. 

77.     Class  287.     Apparatus  used  in  the  photometry  of  the 
electric  light. 

77.     Class  288.     Telegraphic  instruments,  transmitters,  re- 
ceivers and  recording  apparatus. 

77.     Class  289.     Multiplex  apparatus. 

77.     Class  290.     Synchronous  telegraph  apparatus. 

GROUP  LXXVI 
Telegraphy  and  Telephony 

77.     Class  291.     Telephone   instruments,  transmitters,  re- 
ceivers. 

185 


GROUP  LXXVII 

Machinery  and  Apparatus  for  Generating 
p  and  Using  Electricity 

78.     Class  296.     Apparatus  for  the  transmission  of  electric 

energy. 
78.     Class  299.     Motors  as  applied  to  various  mechanical 

purposes. 


DIVISION  XI 
Transportation 

Railways,    Vehicles^    Vessels 
8 1.     Introduction 

Vehicles 
GROUP  LXXXII 

Wheeled  Vehicles  for  Horse  Power 
83.     Class  328.     Harness,   saddles,   whips,    robes,   acces- 
sories. 

Vessels 

GROUP  LXXXVII 
History  and  Literature 

83.  Class  352.  The  history  and  literature  of  the  merchant 
marine,  yachts,  yachting,  polar  and 
other  explorations. 


DIVISION  XII 

Ordnance  and  Munitions  of  War 
GROUP  LXXXVIII 

Ordnance 
87.     Class  355.     Ammunition,  fixed  or  separate. 

186 


GROUP  XCIV 

Page  History  and  Literature 

87.     Class  379.     Naval    history,    statistics,    literature   and 
relics. 


DIVISION  XIII 
Manufactures 

91.     Introduction 

GROUP  XCV 

Chemicals  and  Drugs 

93.  Class  380.     Chemicals,  crude,  pure  and  compounded. 

GROUP  XCVII 

Soaps,  Essences,  and  Perfumery.     Toilet 
Articles 

94.  Class  387.     Soaps,  pomades,  and  cosmetics. 

94.     Class  388.     Essential  oils,  essences,  and  perfumery  ; 

flavoring  extracts. 
94.     Class  389.     Toilet  articles. 

GROUP  XCVIII 
Traveling,  Camping,  and  Sporting 

Apparatus 
94.     Class  391.     Trunks,  valises,  bags,  straps,  etc. 

GROUP  XCIX 
Furniture  and  Interior  Decorations 

94.  Class  394.     Chairs,  tables,  and  other  furniture. 

95.  Class  395.     Decorative  furnishings,  mirrors,  etc. 

GROUP  C 

Carvings  and  Art  Metal  Work 
95.     Class  400.     Art  metal  works. 

187 


GROUP  CI 

Page  Ceramics  and  Allied  Products 

95.     Class  402.     Art  statuary  for  fountains,  mantels,  useful 

and  ornamental  articles. 

95.     Class  404.     Brick,  terra  cotta,  and  mosaic  designs  and 
examples. 


GROUP  CII 

Glass  and  Glass   Ware 

95.  Class  405.  Plate,  window,  insulating,  engraved, 
etched,  plain,  stained,  iridescent,  opal- 
escent, etc. 


GROUP  CIV 
Heating,  Cooking,  and  Washing  Apparatus, 

and  Kitchen  Appliances 

96.  Class  412.  Kitchen  utensils,  wooden  and  willow  ware, 
miscellaneous  articles  for  household 
purposes. 


GROUP  CVIII 
Jute,  Ramie,  and  Other   Vegetable  and 

Mineral  Fabrics.     Fabrics  of  Glass 
96.     Class  427.     Cloths,  mats. 
96.     Class  429.     Wire  cloths,  screens,  blotting  cloths. 


GROUP  CXI 

Woolens,  Cottens,  Linens,  Silks,  Furs, 

and  Millinery.      Toys  and 

Barbers  Supplies 

96.  Class  441.     Woven   and   felted   goods   of   wool   and 

mixtures. 

97.  Class  442.     Cotton  goods. 

98.  Class  444.     Silk  and  fabrics  of  silk. 
98.     Class  445.     Carpets  and  rugs. 

98.     Class  447.     Clothing  and  costumes  for  men,  women, 
and  children. 


Page 

99.     Class  448.     Knit  goods,  underwear,  and  hosiery. 
99.     Class  449.     Shirts,  collars,  cuffs,  etc. 
99.     Class  45  o.     Millinery,    laces,    embroidery,    feathers, 
fans,  etc. 


GROUP  CXIV 
Scales,  Weights,  and  Measures 

1 01.  Class  462.     Scales,  weights,  and   measures   for  com- 

mercial purposes. 

GROUP  CXVII 
Miscellaneous  Articles 

102.  Class  474.     New    inventions  shown  by  models,  draw 

ings,  etc. 

GROUP  CXVII— A 

Cigars  and  cigarettes  were  omitted  from  the  official  classification, 
and  grouping  and  classification  (Group  CXVII — A  and  Class  474 — A) 
are  merely  for  convenience  of  reference. 

102.     474 — A.     Cigars  and  cigarettes. 


DIVISION  XIV 
Graphic   Arts 

GROUP  CXVIII 
Materials  for  Printing,  Engraving,  and 

Bookbinding 
107.     Class  481.     Stones  and  metals. 

GROUP  CXX 
Results  in  Printing,  Engraving,  and 

Bookbinding 

107.     Class  496.     Specimens    illustrating    type   and    typo- 
graphy. 

189 


Page 

107.  Class  497.  Specimens  of  lithographing  and  kindred 
processes. 

107.  Class  498.  Specimens  of  photo-engraving  and 
methods,  including  original  photo- 
graphs or  drawings. 

107.  Class  500.     Books,   magazines,  and   newspapers   ex- 

hibited for  typographical  or  illustrative 
excellence. 

1 08.  Class  501.     Specimens  of  bookbinding. 


DIVISION  XV 
Liberal   Arts 

Education,  Engineering,  Public  Works,  Sanitation,  Constructive 
Architecture,  Social  Economy,  Music  and  the  Drama 

in.     Introduction 

GROUP  CXXII 

Education 
117.     Class  507.     Secondary  instruction. 

117.  Class  508.     Superior  instruction. 

118.  Class  509.     Instruction  in  art. 

1 19.  Class  5 1 2.     Education  of  special  and  defective  classes. 

GROUP  CXXIII 

Books 
119.     Class  513.     Books,  periodicals,  libraries. 

GROUP  CXXIV 
Scientific  Apparatus 

122.     Class  5 1 4.     Scientific  apparatus   and   instruments  of 
precision. 

GROUP  CXXV 
Photography 

122.     Class  515.     Photography,    equipment,    process,    and 
products. 

190 


GROUP  CXXVI 

Medical,  Surgical,  and  Dental 
Page  Instruments 

123.     Class  516.     Medical,  surgical,  and  dental  instruments 
and  appliances. 


GROUP  CXXVII 
Engineering  and  Public  Works 

124.     Class  517.     Materials  and  processes  of  civil  engineer- 
ing. 

124.     Class  518.     Surveys. 
124.     Class  524.     Models,  plans,  and  designs  of  public  works. 


GROUP  CXXVIII 
Hygiene  and  Sanitation 
125.     Class  526.     Hospitals. 


GROUP  CXXIX 
Constructive  Architecture 

125.     Class  531.     Materials,  plans,  and  designs  of  public  and 
private  buildings. 


GROUP  CXXX 
Social  Economy 

126.     Class  541.     Public  or  private  movements  for  the  wel- 
fare of  the  people. 
126.     Class  542.     Public  charities — correction. 


GROUP  CXXXI 
Music,  Musical  Instruments,  and 

the  Drama 

126.     Class  543.     History   and   theory   of   music;  musical 
scores. 

191 


DIVISION  XVI 
Ethnology   and   Archaeology 

Page 

129.     Introduction 

GROUP  CXXXII 

Prehistoric  Archeology 

135.     Class  553.     Mortuary  customs,  graves,  mounds,  etc. 

135.  Class  555.  Sculptures,  totem-posts,  casts  of  Mexican, 
Mayan,  and  Peruvian  temples,  etc. 

135.  Class  557.  Methods  of  manufacture  of  chipped  flint 
implements,  pottery,  bone  implements, 
etc. 

135.     Class  563.     Modes  of  enumeration,  calendars,  etc. 

135.  Class  564.  Construction  of  languages,  linguistic  dis- 
tribution, pictographs,  glyphs,  etc. 


GROUP  CXXXIII 
Historic  Archeology 

135.  Class  566.     Ancient  maps,  pictures,  books,  and  man- 

uscripts descriptive  of    the  aborigines 
immediately  after  their  discovery. 

136.  Class  567.     Development    of    aborigines    in    modern 

civilization. 


DIVISION  XVII 

Fine   Arts 
GROUP  cxxxvi 

139.  Class  577.  Paintings  in  oil,  water  color,  pastel,  and 
other  recognized  mediums  ;  miniatures, 
cartoons. 


Appendix 

143.     Notes  relative  to  the  Liberal  Arts  Division. 
192 


University  of  California 

SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 

405  Hilgard  Avenue,  Los  Angeles,  CA  90024-1388 

Return  this  material  to  the  library 

from  which  it  wss  borrowed. 


.L 

95 

nni 

^ 

Hi  11 

I  j     C 

1 

iy  v:i/L:3 

1 

OCT  1 

1995 

c 

LOAM 

Form  L-9-15m-2,'36 


! 


llffllli 

000  673  392    7 


